Apparatus comprising counter-rotational mechanisms and related methods to convey current

ABSTRACT

The invention relates to devices including rotary units and rotary mechanisms that are suitable for use in numerous applications. Rotary units typically include rotational components that are configured to rotate. In some embodiments, for example, multiple rotary units are assembled in rotary mechanisms such that neighboring pairs of rotational components counter-rotate or contra-rotate relative to one another during operation of the rotary mechanisms. Rotational components generally include one or more implements that are structured to perform or effect one or more types of work as the rotational components rotate relative to one another in a given rotary mechanism. In certain embodiments, implements are configured to rotate and/or to effect the movement of other components as rotational components rotate.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of, and claims the benefit of priority from, U.S. Non-Provisional patent application Ser. No. 13/832,520, filed Mar. 15, 2013, which is a continuation-in-part of, and claims the benefit of priority from, U.S. Non-Provisional patent application Ser. No. 13/423,413, filed Mar. 19, 2012 (now U.S. Pat. No. 8,672,799, issued Mar. 18, 2014), which is a continuation-in-part of, and claims the benefit of priority from U.S. Non-Provisional patent application Ser. No. 13/219,683, filed Aug. 28, 2011 (now U.S. Pat. No. 8,715,133, issued May 6, 2014), which is a continuation-in-part of, and claims the benefit of priority from U.S. Non-Provisional patent application Ser. No. 13/184,332, filed Jul. 15, 2011 (now U.S. Pat. No. 8,668,618, issued Mar. 11, 2014), which claims the benefit of priority from U.S. Provisional Patent Application Nos. 61/365,290, filed Jul. 16, 2010 and 61/376,725, filed Aug. 25, 2010, which are each incorporated by reference in their entirety. U.S. Non-Provisional patent application Ser. No. 13/184,332, filed Jul. 15, 2011 (now U.S. Pat. No. 8,668,618, issued Mar. 11, 2014) is also continuation-in-part of, and claims the benefit of priority from, U.S. Non-Provisional patent application Ser. No. 12/577,326, filed Oct. 12, 2009 (now U.S. Pat. No. 8,152,679, issued Apr. 10, 2012), which claims the benefit of priority from U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/104,748, filed on Oct. 12, 2008 and International Patent Application No. PCT/US09/60386, filed on Oct. 12, 2009, which are each incorporated by reference in their entirety. U.S. Non-Provisional patent application Ser. No. 13/832,520, filed Mar. 15, 2013, also claims the benefit of priority from U.S. Provisional Patent Application Nos. 61/646,348, filed May 13, 2012 and 61/640,530, filed Apr. 30, 2012, which are each incorporated by reference in their entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates generally to mechanical, electrical, or electromechanical devices, and provides rotary units, rotary mechanisms, methods, and related devices and other applications that are useful for a wide variety of purposes.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

In electricity generation, an electric generator is a device that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy. A generator forces electric current to flow through an external circuit. The source of mechanical energy may be a reciprocating or turbine steam engine, water falling through a turbine or waterwheel, an internal combustion engine, a wind turbine, a hand crank, compressed air, or any other source of mechanical energy. Generators provide nearly all of the power for electric power grids.

The reverse conversion of electrical energy into mechanical energy is done by an electric motor, and motors and generators have many similarities. Many motors can be mechanically driven to generate electricity and frequently make acceptable generators.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In one aspect, the invention provides an apparatus that includes at least one rotary mechanism that comprises at least first and second rotational components and at least a first counter-rotational mechanism that operably engages at least the first and second rotational components, wherein the first and second rotational components are configured to rotate substantially non-concentrically relative to one another at least partially around a rotational axis and wherein at least one surface of the first and/or second rotational component comprises at least a first implement, which first implement comprises at least a first winding, at least a first pole, a first electromagnetic radiation source, and/or at least a first magnet. The apparatus also includes at least one drive mechanism component or portion thereof that operably engages one or more of the rotational components and/or the first counter-rotational mechanism such that when the first rotational component rotates in a first direction, the second rotational component rotates in a second direction, and the first implement rotates proximal to at least a second implement (e.g., to effect current induction, etc.), which second implement comprises at least a second winding, at least a second pole, a second electromagnetic radiation source, and/or at least a second magnet, wherein at least one other rotational component and/or at least one stator component comprises the second implement. The apparatus typically includes more than two rotational components. In some embodiments, a motor comprises the apparatus. In certain embodiments, a generator comprises the apparatus. In some embodiments, a device (e.g., a DC electric machine, a synchronous electric machine, an induction electric machine, etc.) comprises the apparatus. To further illustrate, the apparatus of the invention are optionally used or adapted for use in or with numerous devices, including without limitation, vehicles, aircraft, watercraft, turbines (e.g., wind turbines, etc.), meters (e.g., galvanometers, ammeters, voltmeters, ohmmeters, etc.), and audio speakers, among many other applications or installations. In some embodiments, for example, the apparatus is configured to receive an electrical power input and to generate a mechanical output. In certain embodiments, the apparatus is configured to receive a mechanical input and generate an electrical power output. The apparatus of the invention typically include various types of electrical connections (e.g., commutators, brushes, and/or the like). These and many other aspects will be apparent upon a complete review of this disclosure.

In some embodiments, at least one of the rotational components comprises at least one pole rotor. In certain embodiments, at least one of the rotational components comprises at least one magnet rotor. In some embodiments, at least one of the rotational components comprises at least one winding rotor. In certain embodiments, for example, at least one of the rotational components comprises two or more substantially equi-angularly positioned windings. In certain embodiments, at least one of the rotational components comprises two or more magnets comprising alternating north/south and south/north orientations and separated by non-magnetic material spacer components. In some embodiments, the stator component comprises at least one housing. In some embodiments, the stator component comprises one or more Delta-connected and/or Y-connected stationary windings.

In some embodiments, at least one of the rotational components comprises one or more pole assemblies comprising one or more sets of bar poles. In certain embodiments, for example, at least a portion of the pole assemblies comprises magnetic steel. In some embodiments, the apparatus includes two or more pole assemblies, wherein at least one non-magnetic material separates the pole assemblies from one another. In certain embodiments, for example, the non-magnetic material is disposed in at least one arbor.

In some embodiments, the rotary mechanism comprises two or more rotational components (e.g., three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, or more rotational components). In some embodiments, the surface is configured to rotate substantially parallel to the rotational axis of the rotational components. In certain embodiments, the implement is rotatably coupled to the rotational component. In some of these embodiments, the implement is configured to operably engage one or more gear components of one or more other components.

In certain embodiments, the drive mechanism component or portion thereof comprises at least one shaft component that operably engages at least the rotary mechanism or a portion thereof. In some embodiments, the drive mechanism component or portion thereof is configured to effect reversible rotation of at least the rotational component at least partially around the rotational axis. In certain embodiments, the drive mechanism component or portion thereof comprises at least one gear component (e.g., that operably engages or meshes with another gear component of the apparatus).

In some embodiments, the rotary mechanism comprises at least first and second rotational components and at least a first counter-rotational mechanism that operably engages at least the first and second rotational components, wherein the drive mechanism component or portion thereof operably engages one or more of the rotational components and/or the first counter-rotational mechanism such that when the first rotational component rotates in a first direction, the second rotational component rotates in a second direction.

In certain embodiments, the rotary mechanism comprises at least two rotary units that each comprises: at least one rotational component that comprises at least one sun gear component and at least one ring gear component, and at least one gear structure that comprises at least one support component and at least one planetary gear component rotatably coupled to the support component, and wherein the planetary gear component is configured to operably engage the ring gear component. In these embodiments, the sun gear component of at least a first rotary unit operably engages (e.g., meshes with) the planetary gear component of at least a second rotary unit such that when the rotational component of the first rotary unit rotates in a first direction, the rotational component of the second rotary unit rotates in a second direction. In some embodiments, the gear structure of the first rotary unit is operably connected to the gear structure of the second rotary unit such that the support components are substantially fixedly positioned relative to one another at least when the rotational component of the first rotary unit rotates in the first direction, the rotational component of the second rotary unit rotates in the second direction.

In certain embodiments, the rotary mechanism comprises: at least a first rotary unit that comprises at least one rotational component that comprises at least first and second sun gear components; at least a second rotary unit that comprises at least one rotational component that comprises at least first and second ring gear components; and at least a first planetary gear component that is configured to operably engage the second sun gear component of the first rotary unit and the first ring gear component of the second rotary unit such that when the rotational component of the first rotary unit rotates in a first direction, the rotational component of the second rotary unit rotates in a second direction. In some of these embodiments, the apparatus includes at least one gear structure that comprises at least one support component, wherein the first planetary gear component is rotatably coupled to the support component, which support component is substantially fixedly positioned when the rotational component of the first rotary unit rotates in the first direction, the rotational component of the second rotary unit rotates in the second direction.

In certain embodiments, the rotary mechanism comprises at least two rotary units that each comprises: at least one rotational component that comprises at least one ring gear component; and at least one second gear component configured to operably engage the ring gear component. In some embodiments, the apparatus includes one or more alignment components that align at least the rotational components relative to one another when the rotational components rotate. In some embodiments, the drive mechanism component or portion thereof operably engages at least the second gear components of at least first and second rotary units, which drive mechanism component or portion thereof is configured to effect rotation of the second gear components such that the rotational component of the first rotary unit rotates in a first direction and the rotational component of the second rotary unit rotates in a second direction. In some of these embodiments, the drive mechanism component or portion thereof comprises at least two shaft components, wherein at least a first shaft component operably engages at least the second gear component of the first rotary unit and at least a second shaft component operably engages at least the second gear component of the second rotary unit. In certain embodiments, the first and second shaft components each comprises at least one drive gear component that operably engage one another.

In certain embodiments, the rotary mechanism comprises: at least two rotational components that each comprises at least one ring gear component; and at least one counter-rotational mechanism that comprises at least a first gear component that operably engages the ring gear component of at least a first rotational component, at least a second gear component that operably engages the ring gear component of at least a second rotational component, and at least a third gear component that operably engages at least the second gear component such that when the first gear component rotates in a first direction, the first rotational component rotates in the first direction and the second gear component and the second rotational component rotate in a second direction. In certain of these embodiments, the apparatus includes one or more alignment components that align at least the first and second rotational components relative to one another when the rotational components rotate. In some embodiments, the drive mechanism component or portion thereof operably engages at least the first gear component, which drive mechanism component or portion thereof is configured to effect rotation of at least the first gear component. In certain embodiments, the drive mechanism component or portion thereof operably engages the third gear component. In certain embodiments, the drive mechanism component or portion thereof comprises at least one shaft component that operably engages at least the first gear component.

In some embodiments, rotary mechanisms include at least a first rotary unit that comprises at least one rotational component that comprises at least two ring gear components and at least a second rotary unit that comprises at least one rotational component that comprises at least two ring gear components. In these embodiments, rotary mechanisms also typically include at least a first planetary gear component that is configured to operably engage at least one of the ring gear components of the first rotary unit and at least one of the ring gear components of the second rotary unit such that when the rotational component of the first rotary unit rotates in the first direction, the rotational component of the second rotary unit rotates in the second direction. In some of these embodiments, rotary mechanisms include at least one gear structure that comprises at least one support component, wherein the first planetary gear component is rotatably coupled to the support component, which support component is substantially fixedly positioned when the rotational component of the first rotary unit rotates in the first direction, the rotational component of the second rotary unit rotates in the second direction.

In another aspect, the invention provides an apparatus that includes at least first, second, and third rotational components, wherein at least one of the rotational components comprises at least a first implement, which first implement comprises at least a first winding, at least a first pole, a first electromagnetic radiation source, and/or at least a first magnet. The apparatus also includes at least first and second counter-rotational mechanisms, wherein the first counter rotational mechanism operably engages at least the first and second rotational components, and wherein the second counter-rotational mechanism operably engages at least the second and third rotational components. In addition, the apparatus also includes at least one drive mechanism component or a portion thereof operably engaged with one or more of the rotational components and/or with one or more of the counter-rotational mechanisms, which drive mechanism component or portion thereof is configured at least to effect rotation of the rotational components and the counter-rotational mechanisms such that the first and third rotational components rotate in a first direction, the second rotational component rotates in a second direction, and the first implement rotates proximal to at least a second implement (e.g., to effect current induction, etc.), which second implement comprises at least a second winding, at least a second pole, a second electromagnetic radiation source, and/or at least a second magnet, wherein at least one other rotational component and/or at least one stator component comprises the second implement.

In another aspect, the invention provides a method of inducing current that includes providing an apparatus. The apparatus includes at least one rotary mechanism that comprises at least first and second rotational components and at least a first counter-rotational mechanism that operably engages at least the first and second rotational components, wherein the first and second rotational components are configured to rotate substantially non-concentrically relative to one another at least partially around a rotational axis and wherein at least one surface of the first and/or second rotational component comprises at least a first implement, which first implement comprises at least a first winding, at least a first pole, a first electromagnetic radiation source, and/or at least a first magnet. The apparatus also includes at least one drive mechanism component or portion thereof that operably engages one or more of the rotational components and/or the first counter-rotational mechanism. The method also includes rotating the first rotational component in a first direction such that the second rotational component rotates in a second direction, and the first implement rotates proximal to at least a second implement, which second implement comprises at least a second winding, at least a second pole, a second electromagnetic radiation source, and/or at least a second magnet, wherein at least one other rotational component and/or at least one stator component comprises the second implement, thereby inducing current.

In another aspect, the invention provides a rotary unit that includes at least a first rotational component configured to operably engage and non-concentrically rotate relative to at least two other rotational components such that when the first rotational component rotates in a first direction, the other two rotational components rotate in a second direction, wherein the first rotational component comprises at least a first implement, which first implement comprises at least a first winding, at least a first pole, a first electromagnetic radiation source, and/or at least a first magnet.

In another aspect, the invention provides a rotary mechanism that includes at least first, second, and third rotational components, wherein at least one of the rotational components comprises at least one electromagnetic radiation source. The rotary mechanism also includes at least first and second counter-rotational mechanisms, wherein the first counter-rotational mechanism operably engages at least the first and second rotational components, and wherein the second counter-rotational mechanism operably engages at least the second and third rotational components. In addition, the rotary mechanism also includes at least one drive mechanism component or a portion thereof that operably engages one or more of the rotational components and/or one or more of the counter-rotational mechanisms, which drive mechanism component or portion thereof is configured at least to effect rotation of the rotational components and the counter-rotational mechanisms such that the first and third rotational components rotate in a first direction and the second rotational component rotates in a second direction. In some embodiments, each rotational component comprises one or more electromagnetic radiation sources. In certain embodiments, the rotary mechanism includes more than three rotational components and/or more than two counter-rotational mechanisms. Typically, the electromagnetic radiation source is operably connected (e.g., electrically connected) to at least one power source. In certain embodiments, the electromagnetic radiation source comprises a visible light source (e.g., an incandescent lamp, a fluorescent lamp, a compact fluorescent lamp (CFL), a cold cathode fluorescent lamp (CCFL), a high-intensity discharge lamp, a light-emitting diode lamp (LED), etc.), a radio wave source, a microwave source, an infrared light source, an ultraviolet light source, an X-ray source, or a gamma ray source. In some embodiments, a ground vehicle, a marine vehicle, an aircraft, a device, or the like includes the rotary mechanism.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The description provided herein is better understood when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings which are included by way of example and not by way of limitation. It will be understood that like reference numerals identify like components throughout the drawings, unless the context indicates otherwise. It will also be understood that some or all of the figures may be schematic representations for purposes of illustration and do not necessarily depict the actual relative sizes or locations of the elements shown.

FIG. 1A schematically illustrates a rotary unit from a front side view according to one embodiment of the invention. FIG. 1B schematically shows the rotary unit of FIG. 1A from a rear side view. FIG. 1C schematically depicts the rotary unit of FIG. 1A from a side view.

FIG. 1D schematically shows a gear structure of the rotary unit of FIG. 1A from a rear side view. FIG. 1E schematically illustrates the gear structure of FIG. 1D from a front side view. FIG. 1F schematically shows the gear structure of FIG. 1D from a side view. FIG. 1G schematically illustrates a sectional view of the rotary unit of FIG. 1A. FIG. 1H schematically shows a sectional view of the rotary unit of FIG. 1A. FIG. 1I schematically depicts a partially exploded view of the rotary unit of FIG. 1A.

FIGS. 2 A-F schematically show side elevational views of various exemplary implements.

FIG. 3A schematically illustrates a rotary unit from a front side view according to one embodiment of the invention. FIG. 3B schematically shows the rotary unit of FIG. 3A from a rear side view. FIG. 3C schematically shows the rotary unit of FIG. 3A from a side view. FIG. 3D schematically depicts a sectional view of the rotary unit of FIG. 3A. FIG. 3E schematically shows a gear structure of the rotary unit of FIG. 3A from a rear side view. FIG. 3F schematically shows a gear structure of the rotary unit of FIG. 3A from a front side view. FIG. 3G schematically shows a gear structure of the rotary unit of FIG. 3A from a side view.

FIG. 4A schematically illustrates a rotary unit from a front side view according to one embodiment of the invention. FIG. 4B schematically shows the rotary unit of FIG. 4A from a rear side view. FIG. 4C schematically shows the rotary unit of FIG. 4A from a side view. FIG. 4D schematically depicts a sectional view of the rotary unit of FIG. 4A. FIG. 4E schematically shows a gear structure of the rotary unit of FIG. 4A from a front side view. FIG. 4F schematically shows a gear structure of the rotary unit of FIG. 4A from a rear side view. FIG. 4G schematically shows a gear structure of the rotary unit of FIG. 4A from a side view.

FIG. 5A schematically illustrates a rotary unit from a side view according to one embodiment of the invention. FIG. 5B schematically shows a sectional view of the rotary unit of FIG. 5A.

FIG. 6A schematically shows a rotary unit from a front side view according to one embodiment of the invention. FIG. 6B schematically illustrates the rotary unit of FIG. 6A from a side view. FIG. 6C schematically depicts the rotary unit of FIG. 6A from a rear side view. FIG. 6D schematically shows a sectional view of the rotary unit of FIG. 6A. FIG. 6E schematically illustrates a gear structure of the rotary unit of FIG. 6A from a rear side view.

FIG. 6F schematically shows the gear structure of FIG. 6E from a front side view. FIG. 6G schematically illustrates the gear structure of FIG. 6E from a side view.

FIG. 7A schematically shows a rotary unit from a front side view according to one embodiment of the invention. FIG. 7B schematically shows the rotary unit of FIG. 7A from a rear side view. FIG. 7C schematically depicts the rotary unit of FIG. 7A from a side view.

FIG. 8A schematically shows a rotary unit from a front side view according to one embodiment of the invention. FIG. 8B schematically shows the rotary unit of FIG. 8A from a rear side view. FIG. 8C schematically depicts the rotary unit of FIG. 8A from a side view.

FIG. 9A schematically illustrates a rotary unit from a front side view according to one embodiment of the invention. FIG. 9B schematically shows the rotary unit of FIG. 9A from a rear side view. FIG. 9C schematically depicts the rotary unit of FIG. 9A from a side view. FIG. 9D schematically shows a sectional view of the rotary unit of FIG. 9A. FIG. 9E schematically illustrates a sectional view of the rotary unit of FIG. 9A. FIG. 9F schematically shows a gear structure of the rotary unit of FIG. 9A from a rear side view. FIG. 9G schematically illustrates the gear structure of FIG. 9F from a front side view. FIG. 9H schematically shows the gear structure of FIG. 9F from a side view. FIG. 9I schematically depicts a partially exploded view of the rotary unit of FIG. 9A. FIG. 9J schematically shows the rotary unit of FIG. 9A with implements from a rear side view. FIG. 9K schematically shows the rotary unit of FIG. 9A with implements from a front side view. FIG. 9L schematically shows the rotary unit of FIG. 9A with implements from a side view.

FIG. 10A schematically illustrates a rotary unit from a front side view according to one embodiment of the invention. FIG. 10B schematically shows the rotary unit of FIG. 10A from a rear side view. FIG. 10C schematically depicts the rotary unit of FIG. 10A from a side view. FIG. 10D schematically shows a sectional view of the rotary unit of FIG. 10A. FIG. 10E schematically shows a gear structure of the rotary unit of FIG. 10A from a front side view. FIG. 10F schematically illustrates the gear structure of FIG. 10E from a rear side view. FIG. 10G schematically shows the gear structure of FIG. 10E from a side view. FIG. 10H schematically illustrates a sectional view of the rotary unit of FIG. 10A. FIG. 10I schematically depicts the rotary unit of FIG. 10A including a friction reducing material from a front side view. FIG. 10J schematically depicts the rotary unit of FIG. 10A including a friction reducing material from a side view. FIG. 10K schematically shows the rotary unit of FIG. 10I with implements from a front side view. FIG. 10L schematically shows the rotary unit of FIG. 10A with implements from a rear side view. FIG. 10M schematically shows the rotary unit of FIG. 10I with implements from a side view.

FIG. 11A schematically illustrates a rotary unit from a front side view according to one embodiment of the invention. FIG. 11B schematically shows the rotary unit of FIG. 11A from a rear side view. FIG. 11C schematically depicts the rotary unit of FIG. 11A from a side view. FIG. 11D schematically shows a sectional view of the rotary unit of FIG. 11A. FIG. 11E schematically shows the rotary unit of FIG. 11A with implements from a front side view. FIG. 11F schematically shows the rotary unit of FIG. 11A with implements from a rear side view. FIG. 11G schematically shows the rotary unit of FIG. 11A with implements from a side view.

FIG. 12A schematically illustrates a rotary unit from a front side view according to one embodiment of the invention. FIG. 12B schematically shows the rotary unit of FIG. 12A from a rear side view. FIG. 12C schematically depicts the rotary unit of FIG. 12A from a side view. FIG. 12D schematically shows a gear structure of the rotary unit of FIG. 12A from a front side view. FIG. 12E schematically illustrates the gear structure of FIG. 12D from a rear side view. FIG. 12F schematically shows the gear structure of FIG. 12D from a side view.

FIG. 13A schematically illustrates a rotational component of a rotary unit from a front side view according to one embodiment of the invention. FIG. 13B schematically shows a sectional view of the rotational component of FIG. 13A. FIG. 13C schematically depicts the rotational component of FIG. 13A from a side view. FIG. 13D schematically shows a gear component used in the rotary unit referred to with respect to FIG. 13A from a front side view. FIG. 13E schematically illustrates the gear component of FIG. 13D from a side view.

FIG. 14A schematically illustrates a rotary unit from a front side view according to one embodiment of the invention. FIG. 14B schematically depicts the rotary unit of FIG. 14A from a side view. FIG. 14C schematically shows the rotary unit of FIG. 14A from a rear side view. FIG. 14D schematically shows a sectional view of the gear structure of FIG. 14A.

FIG. 15A schematically illustrates a rotary unit from a front side view according to one embodiment of the invention. FIG. 15B schematically shows the rotary unit of FIG. 15A from a rear side view. FIG. 15C schematically depicts the rotary unit of FIG. 15A from a side view. FIG. 15D schematically shows a sectional view of the rotary unit of FIG. 15A.

FIG. 16A schematically illustrates a rotary unit from a front side view according to one embodiment of the invention. FIG. 16B schematically shows the rotary unit of FIG. 16A from a rear side view. FIG. 16C schematically depicts the rotary unit of FIG. 16A from a side view. FIG. 16D schematically shows a sectional view of the rotary unit of FIG. 16A. FIG. 16E schematically illustrates a planetary gear component from a front side view according to one embodiment of the invention. FIG. 16F schematically illustrates the planetary gear component of FIG. 16E from a side view. FIG. 16G schematically shows an exploded side view of a gear structure according to one embodiment of the invention. FIG. 16H schematically depicts the gear structure of FIG. 16G from a side view. FIG. 16I schematically shows the gear structure of FIG. 16H from a rear side view. FIG. 16J schematically shows the gear structure of FIG. 16H from a front side view. FIG. 16K schematically illustrates a gear structure prior to assembly with another gear structure from a side view according to one embodiment of the invention. FIG. 16L schematically shows an assembly that includes two gear structures from a side view according to one embodiment of the invention. FIG. 16M schematically shows an exploded view of the rotary unit of FIG. 16A with the gear structure of FIG. 16G from a side view according to one embodiment of the invention. FIG. 16N schematically shows the rotary unit of FIG. 16A with the gear structure of FIG. 16G from a front side view. FIG. 16O schematically shows the rotary unit of FIG. 16A with the gear structure of FIG. 16G from a rear side view. FIG. 16P schematically shows the rotary unit of FIG. 16A with the gear structure of FIG. 16G from a side view. FIG. 16Q schematically shows a sectional view of the rotary unit of FIG. 16A with the gear structure of FIG. 16G.

FIG. 17A schematically depicts rotary units and a shaft from side elevational views prior to assembly according to one embodiment of the invention. FIG. 17B schematically illustrates the rotary units and the shaft from FIG. 17A from side elevational views in an assembled format.

FIG. 18A schematically shows rotary units prior to assembly of a rotary mechanism from side views according to one embodiment of the invention. FIG. 18B schematically shows a partially assembled rotary mechanism with the rotary units of FIG. 18A from side views. FIG. 18C schematically illustrates a rotary mechanism that includes the rotary units of FIG. 18A from a side view.

FIG. 19A schematically illustrates a rotary mechanism that includes the rotary unit of FIG. 9A from a sectional view prior to assembly according to one embodiment of the invention. FIG. 19B schematically depicts the rotary mechanism of FIG. 19A from a sectional view following assembly. FIG. 19C schematically shows a portion of a rotary mechanism that includes the rotary unit of FIG. 9A with implements from a side view according to one embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 20A schematically illustrates a positioning component of a rotary mechanism from a side view according to one embodiment of the invention. FIG. 20B schematically depicts a portion of a rotary mechanism that includes the rotational component of FIG. 13A from a side view according to one embodiment of the invention. FIG. 20C schematically depicts a portion of a rotary mechanism that includes the rotational component of FIG. 13A and gear component of FIG. 13D from a side view according to one embodiment of the invention. FIG. 20D schematically shows the portion of the rotary mechanism of FIG. 20B from a sectional view. FIG. 20E schematically depicts the positioning component of FIG. 20A from a side view. FIG. 20F schematically shows the positioning component of FIG. 20A with a drive mechanism from a side view. FIG. 20G schematically illustrates a positioning component of a rotary mechanism from a side view according to one embodiment of the invention. FIG. 20H schematically illustrates a rotary mechanism that includes the rotational component of FIG. 13A from a side view according to one embodiment of the invention. FIG. 20I schematically shows the rotary mechanism of FIG. 20H from a sectional view. FIG. 20J schematically shows the rotary mechanism of FIG. 20H from a front side view. FIG. 20K schematically shows the rotary mechanism of FIG. 20H from a rear side view. FIG. 20L schematically depicts a portion of a drive mechanism from a side view according to one embodiment of the invention. FIG. 20M schematically depicts a portion of a drive mechanism from a side view according to one embodiment of the invention. FIG. 20N schematically depicts the portion of the drive mechanism of FIG. 20M without a motor from a side view. FIG. 20O schematically depicts the portion of the drive mechanism of FIG. 20M from a side view.

FIG. 21A schematically illustrates a rotary mechanism that includes the rotary unit of FIG. 14A from a sectional view prior to assembly according to one embodiment of the invention. FIG. 21B schematically depicts the rotary mechanism of FIG. 21A from a sectional view following assembly. FIG. 21C schematically shows the rotary of FIG. 21A from a side view. FIG. 21D schematically illustrates a rotary mechanism that includes the rotary unit of FIG. 14A with implements from a side view according to one embodiment of the invention. FIG. 21E schematically illustrates a rotary mechanism that includes the rotary unit of FIG. 14A with implements from a side view according to one embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 22A schematically illustrates a gear structure from the rotary unit of FIG. 14A prior to assembly with another gear structure from a side view according to one embodiment of the invention. FIG. 22B schematically shows an assembly of multiple gear structures from a side view according to one embodiment of the invention. FIG. 22C schematically depicts the gear structure assembly of FIG. 22B from a rear side view. FIG. 22D schematically depicts the gear structure assembly of FIG. 22B from a front side view. FIG. 22E schematically shows a rotary mechanism that includes the gear structure assembly of FIG. 22B from a sectional view according to one embodiment of the invention. FIG. 22F schematically shows a rotary mechanism that includes the gear structure assembly of FIG. 22B from a side view according to one embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 23A schematically depicts a rotational or rotary mechanism from an exploded side view according to one embodiment of the invention. FIG. 23B schematically depicts the rotational mechanism from FIG. 23A from a side view. FIG. 23C schematically depicts the rotational mechanism from FIG. 23A from an exploded sectional view. FIG. 23D schematically depicts the rotational mechanism from FIG. 23A from a sectional side view. FIG. 23E schematically shows a portion of a drive mechanism component from a front side view according to one embodiment of the invention. FIG. 23F schematically shows the portion of the drive mechanism component of FIG. 23E from a rear side view. FIG. 23G schematically shows the portion of the drive mechanism component of FIG. 23E from a side view. FIG. 23H schematically shows the portion of the drive mechanism component of FIG. 23E from a sectional side view. FIG. 23I schematically shows an exploded side view of a gear structure according to one embodiment of the invention. FIG. 23J schematically depicts the gear structure from FIG. 23I from a rear side view. FIG. 23K schematically depicts the gear structure from FIG. 23I from a side view. FIG. 23L schematically depicts the gear structure from FIG. 23I from a front side view. FIG. 23M schematically shows an exploded side view of the drive mechanism component of FIG. 23E and the gear structure of FIG. 23I according to one embodiment of the invention. FIG. 23N schematically shows an exploded sectional side view of the drive mechanism component of FIG. 23E and the gear structure of FIG. 23I according to one embodiment of the invention. FIG. 23O schematically depicts the drive mechanism component of FIG. 23E and the gear structure of FIG. 23I from a side view. FIG. 23P schematically depicts the drive mechanism component of FIG. 23E and the gear structure of FIG. 23I from sectional side view. FIG. 23Q schematically depicts an exploded side view of the rotational mechanism from FIG. 23B and the portion of the drive mechanism component of FIG. 23E according to one embodiment of the invention. FIG. 23R schematically depicts an exploded side sectional view of the rotational mechanism from FIG. 23B and the portion of the drive mechanism component of FIG. 23E according to one embodiment of the invention. FIG. 23S schematically depicts a side view of the rotational mechanism from FIG. 23B and the portion of the drive mechanism component of FIG. 23E according to one embodiment of the invention. FIG. 23T schematically depicts a sectional side view of the rotational mechanism from FIG. 23B and the portion of the drive mechanism component of FIG. 23E according to one embodiment of the invention.

FIGS. 24A-H schematically show exemplary winding rotors from various views according to certain embodiments of the invention. FIG. 24A schematically illustrates a rotary unit from a side view according to one embodiment of the invention. FIG. 24B schematically shows the rotary unit from FIG. 24A from a front side view. FIG. 24C schematically depicts a rotary unit from a side view according to one embodiment of the invention. FIG. 24D schematically depicts the rotary unit from FIG. 24C from a front side view. FIG. 24E schematically shows a rotary unit from a side view according to one embodiment of the invention. FIG. 24F schematically shows the rotary unit from FIG. 24E from a front side view. FIG. 24G schematically shows a rotary unit from a side view according to one embodiment of the invention. FIG. 24H schematically shows the rotary unit from FIG. 24G from a front side view.

FIGS. 25 A and B schematically show a magnet rotor from various views according to certain embodiments of the invention. FIG. 25A schematically shows a rotary unit from a side view according to one embodiment of the invention. FIG. 25B schematically shows the rotary unit from FIG. 25A from a front side view.

FIGS. 26 A and B schematically show a pole rotor from various views according to certain embodiments of the invention. FIG. 26A schematically shows a rotary unit from a side view according to one embodiment of the invention. FIG. 26B schematically shows the rotary unit from FIG. 26A from a front side view.

FIGS. 27 A-G schematically illustrate rotary units or components thereof from various views according to one exemplary embodiment of the invention. FIG. 27A schematically shows a rotational component from a front side view according to one embodiment of the invention. FIG. 27B schematically shows the rotational component from FIG. 27A from a side sectional view. FIG. 27C schematically depicts the rotational component from FIG. 27A from a side view. FIG. 27D schematically depicts the rotational component from FIG. 27A from a side view with a surface including implements. FIG. 27E schematically shows the rotational component from FIG. 27D from a front side view. FIG. 27F schematically shows a rotary unit that includes the rotational component from FIG. 27A and first and third gear components from a front side view according to one exemplary embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 27G schematically shows a rotary unit that includes the rotational component from FIG. 27A and a second gear component from a front side view according to one exemplary embodiment of the invention.

FIGS. 28 A-I schematically illustrate a rotary mechanism or components thereof from various views according to one exemplary embodiment of the invention. FIG. 28A schematically shows a rotary mechanism from a front side view according to one embodiment of the invention. FIG. 28B schematically shows rotational components positioned relative to one another from a cross-sectional view according to one embodiment of the invention. FIG. 28C schematically illustrates gear components of a counter-rotational mechanism operably engaging a drive mechanism component from a side view according to one embodiment of the invention. FIG. 28D schematically illustrates gear components of a counter-rotational mechanism operably engaging a drive mechanism component from a side view according to one embodiment of the invention. FIG. 28E schematically shows the gear and drive mechanism components from FIGS. 28 C and D positioned relative to one another from a side view. FIG. 28F schematically shows the rotary mechanism from FIG. 28A from a side view. FIG. 28G schematically depicts the rotary mechanism from FIG. 28A from a side sectional view. FIG. 28H schematically depicts the rotary mechanism from FIG. 28G from a side sectional view with an exemplary motor. FIG. 28I schematically shows the rotary mechanism from FIG. 28H from a side view with rotational components including implements.

FIGS. 29 A-C schematically illustrate a rotary mechanism or components thereof from various views according to one exemplary embodiment of the invention. FIG. 29A schematically shows portions of a rotational component prior to assembly from a side view. FIG. 29B schematically depicts a rotary mechanism that includes the rotational component from FIG. 29A prior to assembly from a front side view. FIG. 29C schematically depicts the rotary mechanism from FIG. 29B from a side view.

FIGS. 30 A and B schematically show gear and drive mechanism components prior to and following assembly, respectively, according to one exemplary embodiment of the invention.

FIGS. 31 A and B schematically show gear and drive mechanism components prior to and following assembly, respectively, according to one exemplary embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 32A schematically shows a detailed front side view of a drive mechanism component receiving area according to one embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 32B schematically shows a detailed front side view of a drive mechanism portion configured to be received by the drive mechanism component receiving area from FIG. 32A according to one embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 33 schematically shows a rotary mechanism prior to assembly from a side view according to one embodiment of the invention.

FIGS. 35 A-F schematically show a rotary mechanism or components thereof from various views according to one exemplary embodiment of the invention. FIG. 35A schematically illustrates gear and drive mechanism components of a rotary mechanism prior to assembly from a side view. FIG. 35B schematically illustrates gear and drive mechanism components of a rotary mechanism from a side view. FIG. 35C schematically illustrates the gear and drive mechanism components from FIG. 35B positioned relative to rotational components from a sectional side view. FIG. 35D schematically shows the rotary mechanism from FIG. 35C from a front side view. FIG. 35E schematically shows the rotary mechanism from FIG. 35C from a side view. FIG. 35F schematically shows a drive mechanism positioning component from a front side view according to one exemplary embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 36 schematically shows portions of a generator from a side view according to one exemplary embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 37A schematically shows portions of a motor from a cutaway side view according to one exemplary embodiment of the invention. FIG. 37B schematically illustrates the portions of the motor from FIG. 37A from a cutaway top side view.

FIG. 38 schematically illustrates portions of an apparatus from a cutaway side view according to one exemplary embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 39 schematically illustrates a generator operably connected to portions of a vehicle drive train from a front side view according to one exemplary embodiment of the invention.

FIGS. 40A-J schematically show a pole rotor or portions thereof from various views according to one exemplary embodiment of the invention. FIG. 40A schematically shows a pole assembly from a side view according to one exemplary embodiment of the invention. FIG. 40B schematically shows the pole assembly from FIG. 40A from another side view. FIG. 40C schematically shows the pole assembly from FIG. 40A from a rear side view. FIG. 40D schematically shows the pole assembly from FIG. 40A from a front side view. FIG. 40E schematically illustrates two pole assemblies being positioned relative to one another. FIG. 40F schematically shows the two pole assemblies from FIG. 40E positioned relative to one another. FIG. 40G schematically depicts a pole rotor that includes two pole assemblies from a rear side view according to one exemplary embodiment of the invention. FIG. 40H schematically shows the pole rotor from FIG. 40G from a front side view. FIG. 40I schematically shows the pole rotor from FIG. 40G from a side view. FIG. 40J schematically shows a rotational component that includes the pole rotor from FIG. 40G from a side view.

FIG. 41 schematically illustrates a rotational component that includes a magnet rotor from a side view according to one exemplary embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 42A schematically illustrates portions of a generator from a side view according to one exemplary embodiment of the invention. FIG. 42B schematically shows portions of a generator from a side view according to one exemplary embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 43A schematically shows portions of a generator from a cutaway side view according to one exemplary embodiment of the invention. FIG. 43B schematically illustrates the portions of the generator from FIG. 43A from a cutaway top side view.

FIG. 44A schematically depicts portions of a wind turbine from a cutaway side view according to one exemplary embodiment of the invention. FIG. 44B schematically illustrates the wind turbine that includes the portions from FIG. 44A from a front side view. FIG. 44C schematically illustrates the wind turbine from FIG. 44B from a side view.

FIG. 45 schematically depicts a wind turbine from a side view according to one exemplary embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 46A schematically illustrates a rotational component of a rotary unit from a front side view according to one embodiment of the invention. FIG. 46B schematically depicts the rotational component of FIG. 46A from a side view. FIG. 46C schematically shows a sectional view of the rotational component of FIG. 46A. FIG. 46D schematically depicts a gear structure from a side view according to one embodiment of the invention. FIG. 46E schematically illustrates the gear structure of FIG. 46D from a top view. FIG. 46F schematically illustrates a gear structure prior to assembly with another gear structure from a side view according to one embodiment of the invention. FIG. 46G schematically shows an assembly that includes four gear structures from a side view according to one embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 47A schematically illustrates a rotary mechanism that includes the rotational component of FIG. 46A and a drive mechanism component from a sectional view prior to assembly according to one embodiment of the invention. FIG. 47B schematically depicts the rotary mechanism of FIG. 47A from a sectional view following assembly.

FIG. 48A schematically shows portions of an apparatus from a side view according to one exemplary embodiment of the invention. FIG. 48B schematically shows portions of the apparatus of FIG. 48A from a top view. FIG. 48C schematically depicts portions of the apparatus of FIG. 48A positioned relative to a stator component from a cutaway side view according to one exemplary embodiment of the invention. FIG. 48D schematically illustrates portions of the apparatus and stator component of FIG. 48C from a cutaway top side view.

FIG. 49A schematically shows portions of a generator that includes electromagnetic radiation sources from a cutaway side view according to one exemplary embodiment of the invention. FIG. 49B schematically illustrates the portions of the generator from FIG. 49A from a side view.

FIG. 50 schematically illustrates an apparatus that includes electromagnetic radiation sources from a side view according to one exemplary embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 51A schematically shows a generator that includes a propeller component from a side view according to one exemplary embodiment of the invention. FIG. 51B schematically shows a marine vehicle that includes the generator of FIG. 51A from a front view according to one exemplary embodiment of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION I. Introduction

Before describing the invention in detail, it is to be understood that this invention is not limited to particular methods, rotary units, rotary mechanisms, devices, or systems, which can vary. As used in this specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” also include plural referents unless the context clearly provides otherwise. It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only, and is not intended to be limiting. Further, unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention pertains. In describing and claiming the invention, the following terminology, and grammatical variants thereof, will be used in accordance with the definitions set forth below.

The term “coaxially positioned” refers to objects that are positioned relative to one another such that they can rotate about a substantially coincident axis.

The term “fixed position” refers to objects that are positioned relative to one another such that they do not move separately from one another. In some embodiments, for example, gear components (e.g., sun gear components) are attached (e.g., integrally fabricated, bonded, welded, adhered, or the like) to rotational components, such that when the rotational components move in one direction, the gear components move in the same direction as the rotational components.

The term “counter-rotate” or “contra-rotate” refers to objects that rotate in opposite directions relative to one another. In some embodiments, for example, rotary mechanisms include rotational components that are configured to rotate in opposite directions.

The term “communicate” refers to the direct or indirect transfer or transmission, and/or capability of directly or indirectly transferring or transmitting, something at least from one thing to another thing. In some embodiments, for example, devices include housings having openings through which hair, finger nails, or the like can be transferred to contact implements within housing cavities of the devices.

The invention relates to rotary units and rotary mechanisms that are suitable for use in numerous applications. Rotary units typically include rotational components that are configured to rotate. In some embodiments, for example, multiple rotary units are assembled in rotary mechanisms such that neighboring pairs of rotational components counter-rotate or contra-rotate relative to one another during operation of the rotary mechanisms. Rotational components generally include one or more implements that are structured to perform or effect one or more types of work as the rotational components rotate relative to one another in a given rotary mechanism. In certain embodiments, implements are configured to rotate and/or to effect the movement of other components as rotational components rotate. The representative embodiments described herein are intended to illustrate, but not to limit, the invention. Essentially any combination of components or portions thereof described herein are optionally utilized or adapted for use together in certain embodiments.

II. Exemplary Rotary Units

FIGS. 1 A-H schematically show a rotary unit or components thereof according to one embodiment of the invention. As shown, rotary unit 100 includes rotational component 102, which includes first gear component 104 disposed on a first side of rotational component 102 (e.g., in an inner region of the first side) and second gear component 106 disposed on a second side of rotational component 102 (e.g., in an outer region of the second side). As shown, the first and second sides substantially oppose one another. Gear components used with the rotary units, rotary mechanisms, and other applications of the invention typically include gear teeth. Any operable gear tooth configuration and/or type are optionally used in the rotary units, rotary mechanisms and applications of the invention. Second gear component 106 substantially defines gear structure receiving area 108, which is configured to receive gear structure 110. Gear structure 110 includes support component 112 and third gear components 114. Third gear components 114 are configured to operably engage second gear component 106 such that when third gear components 114 rotate in a first direction, second gear component 106 and rotational component 102 also rotate the first direction. Third gear components 114 are configured to operably engage other gear components, such as a first gear component of another rotary unit such that when the other gear components rotate in a second direction, third gear components 114, second gear component 106, and rotational component 102 all rotate in the first direction. Rotary unit 100 also includes retaining mechanism 116 (shown as a wall or lip in this exemplary embodiment) that is structured to retain gear structure 110 at least partially in gear structure receiving area 108. As further shown in FIG. 1I, for example, in some embodiments during rotary unit assembly retaining mechanism 116 is attached to rotational component 102, once gear structure 110 is positioned in gear structure receiving area 108, via attachment components 118 (e.g., which clip into corresponding notches (not within view) in rotational component 102 in this representative embodiment).

Rotary unit 100 also includes implements 120 shown as beads that can be used, for example, as part of a massaging device or the like. Essentially any implement (e.g., type(s) and/or number on a given rotational component, etc.) is optionally adapted for use with the rotary units of the present invention, e.g., depending on the intended application of a given rotary unit. Representative implements that are optionally used include one or more of, e.g., a winding, a core, a pole, a magnet, a blade, a razor, a prong, a peg, a claw, a tine, a chain, a stake, a column, a pillar, an arch, a bracket, a gear component, a bristle, a plume, an abrasive component, an elastomeric component, a nail filing component, a nail buffing component, a hair cutting component, a massaging component, a post, or the like. Some exemplary implements 200-210 are also illustrated from side elevational views in, e.g., FIGS. 2 A-F.

In addition, rotary unit 100 also includes drive mechanism component receiving area 122 (shown as a hole disposed through rotational component 102) that is configured to receive a drive mechanism component, such as a drive shaft or a portion thereof. Other exemplary drive mechanism components are described herein or otherwise known in the art.

FIGS. 3 A-G schematically illustrate a rotary unit or components thereof according to one embodiment of the invention. As shown, rotary unit 300 includes rotational component 302, which includes first gear component 304 extending from a first side, and second gear component 306 on a second side and substantially defining gear structure receiving area 308. Rotary unit 300 also includes gear structure 310, which includes third gear components 312 rotatably coupled to support component 314. As also shown, gear structure 310 includes hole 316 that is structured to align with drive mechanism component receiving area 318 of rotational component 302, e.g., to receive a drive mechanism component, such as a drive shaft about which gear structure 310 and rotational component 302 rotate.

Rotary unit 300 also includes a retaining mechanism that is configured to retain gear structure 310 in position relative to rotational component 302 such that the components can operably engage one another during operation. The retaining mechanism of rotary unit 300 includes groove or track 320 disposed approximately around gear structure receiving area 308 in rotational component 302. In addition, the retaining mechanism also includes projections 322 of gear structure 310 that insert into groove or track 320 such that gear structure 310 is retained and rotates within gear structure receiving area 308.

In some embodiments, the rotational components of the rotary units of the invention include implements that are configured to effect the movement of one or more other components (e.g., propeller components or the like) when the rotational components rotate and the implements operably engage the other components. To illustrate, rotational component 302 of rotary unit 300 also includes gear component 324 that is configured to operably engage other gear components of other components, e.g., to effect rotation of those components when rotational component 302 rotates.

FIGS. 4 A-G schematically show another exemplary embodiment of a rotary unit of the invention. As shown, rotary unit 400 includes rotational component 402 that includes first and second surfaces that substantially oppose one another. First gear component 404 is disposed on the first surface of rotational component 402 and is configured to operably engage third gear components of another rotary unit. Second gear component 406 is disposed on the second surface of rotational component 402 and substantially defines gear structure receiving area or cavity 408.

Rotary unit 400 also include gear structure 410, which includes support structure 412 and third gear components 414 rotatably coupled to support structure 412. Rotary unit 400 also includes a retaining mechanism formed, in part, by groove or track 416 formed in rotational component 402. Circular projection 418 disposed on support structure 412 of gear structure 410 is configured to fit within groove or track 416 such that gear structure 410 is retained, yet permitted to rotate, within gear structure receiving area 408. As also shown, rotary unit 400 also includes implements 420 (shown as blades) extending from a surface of rotational component 402.

FIGS. 5 A and B schematically illustrate a rotary unit according to another exemplary embodiment of the invention. As shown, rotary unit 500 includes rotational component 502. First gear component 504 extends from a first side of rotational component 502, while gear structure 506 engages a second gear component in a gear structure receiving area on a second side of rotational component 502 and partially extends from the gear structure receiving area. Gear structure 506 includes third gear components 508 rotatably coupled to support structure 510. Rotary unit 500 also includes a retaining mechanism formed, in part, by groove or track 512 formed in the gear structure receiving area of rotational component 502. Circular projection 514 disposed on support structure 510 of gear structure 506 is configured to fit within groove or track 512 such that gear structure 506 is retained, yet permitted to rotate, within the gear structure receiving area of rotational component 502. First gear component 504 is configured to engage one or more third gear components of another rotary unit. Third gear components 508 are configured to engage the second gear component in the gear structure receiving area and a first gear component of another rotary unit.

FIGS. 6 A-G schematically show a rotary unit or components thereof according to another representative embodiment of the invention. As shown, rotary unit 600 includes rotational component 602. Rotational component 602 includes first gear component 604 on a first side and second gear component 606 on a second side. Second gear component 606 substantially defines a gear structure receiving area of rotational component 602. Rotary unit 600 also includes gear structure 608 disposed within the gear structure receiving area. Gear structure 608 includes third gear components 610 rotatably coupled to support component 612. Third gear components 610 are configured to operably engage second gear component 606 of rotational component 602 and the first gear component of another rotary unit or another gear component, such as a component of a drive mechanism or the like. Gear structure 608 also includes hole or aperture 614, which is structured to align with drive mechanism component receiving area 616 of rotational component 602, e.g., to receive a drive mechanism component, such as a drive shaft about which gear structure 608 and rotational component 602 rotate. Rotary unit 600 also includes a retaining mechanism that is configured to retain and permit gear structure 608 to rotate within the gear structure receiving area of rotational component 602. In particular, support component 612 of gear structure 608 includes partially circular indentation 618 and rotational component 602 comprises projection 620 (e.g., an elevated circular track or the like). Projection 620 is configured to at least partially fit and move within partially circular indentation 618 to retain gear structure 608 at least partially within the gear structure receiving area when second gear component 606 and third gear components 610 operably engage one another. In some embodiments, gear structures comprise projections, such as projection 620 and rotational components comprise the substantially or partially circular indentation (e.g., a circular track or groove structured to receive the projection).

Rotary unit 600 also includes implements 622 that are rotatably coupled to rotational component 602. As shown, rotatably coupled implements 622 include gear components 624 that are configured to operably engage a corresponding gear component on a neighboring rotary unit when the neighboring rotary unit is disposed suitably proximal to rotary unit 600. In these embodiments, during operation, as neighboring rotary units counter-rotate relative to one another, rotatably coupled implements, such as implements 622 (e.g., shown as bristles suitable for a toothbrush, household cleaning device, or the like) also rotate. To further illustrate, rotary unit 600 includes gear component 626 that is configured to operably engage rotatably coupled implements disposed on a neighboring rotary unit.

FIGS. 7 A-C schematically show a rotary unit according to one embodiment of the invention. As shown, rotary unit 700 includes rotational component 702, which includes first gear component 704 on a first side. Rotary unit 700 also includes a gear structure 706 disposed and able to rotate within a gear structure receiving area of rotational component 702. Lip or wall 708 retains gear structure 706 in the gear structure receiving area. Rotary unit 700 also includes alignment components that are structured to align rotary units relative to one another, e.g., in a given device or other application. In particular, the first side of rotational component 702 includes circular groove 710, while the second side of rotational component 702 includes circular ridge 712. Circular groove 710 is configured to receive a circular ridge (e.g., circular ridge 812) of another rotary unit (e.g., rotary unit 800), which circular ridge is configured to rotate within circular groove 710. In contrast, circular ridge 712 is configured to fit and rotate within a circular groove (e.g., circular groove 810) of another rotary unit (e.g., rotary unit 800). In some embodiments, the first side of rotational component 702 includes circular ridge 712, while the second side of rotational component 702 includes circular groove 710.

Rotary unit 700 also includes drive mechanism component receiving area 714 that is configured to receive a drive mechanism component (e.g., drive mechanism component 816 (shown as a drive shaft) of rotary unit 800). Rotational component 702 is configured to rotate about a drive mechanism component (e.g., drive mechanism component 816 of rotary unit 800), while first gear component 704 operably engages a gear component (e.g., a gear component of a gear structure) of another rotary unit (e.g., a rotary unit, such as a rotary unit 800) and gear components of gear structure 706 operably engage another gear component (e.g., a first gear component) of yet another rotary unit (e.g., another rotary unit, such as another rotary unit 800). As also shown, a surface of rotational component 702 also includes multiple implements 716 (shown as razors or cutting edges) that are optionally used in hair cutting devices or other applications. Other implements are also optionally used.

FIGS. 8 A-C schematically show a rotary unit according to one embodiment of the invention. As shown, rotary unit 800 includes rotational component 802, which includes first gear component 804 on a first side. Rotary unit 800 also includes a gear structure 806 disposed and able to rotate within a gear structure receiving area of rotational component 802. Lip or wall 808 retains gear structure 806 in the gear structure receiving area. Rotary unit 800 also includes alignment components that are structured to align rotary units relative to one another, e.g., in a given device or other application. In particular, the first side of rotational component 802 includes circular groove 810, while the second side of rotational component 802 includes circular ridge 812. Circular groove 810 is configured to receive a circular ridge (e.g., circular ridge 712) of another rotary unit (e.g., rotary unit 700), which circular ridge is configured to rotate within circular groove 810. In contrast, circular ridge 812 is configured to fit and rotate within a circular groove (e.g., circular groove 710) of another rotary unit (e.g., rotary unit 700). In some embodiments, the first side of rotational component 802 includes circular ridge 812, while the second side of rotational component 802 includes circular groove 810.

Rotary unit 800 also includes drive mechanism component receiving area 814 that is configured to receive a drive mechanism component (e.g., drive mechanism component 816 of a rotary unit 800). In the embodiment shown, drive mechanism component receiving area 814 includes a female threaded region that is configured to receive a male threaded region of drive mechanism component 816 of another rotary unit 800. As described above, another rotary unit (such as a rotary unit 700) is configured to fit between two rotary units 800 and rotate around a drive mechanism component 816 of one of the rotary units 800. As also shown, a surface of rotational component 802 also includes multiple implements 818 (shown as razors or cutting edges) that are optionally used in hair cutting devices or other applications. Other implements are also optionally used.

FIGS. 9A-L schematically depict an exemplary rotary unit or components thereof according to one embodiment of the invention. As shown, rotary unit 900 includes rotational component 902 that is configured to rotate around rotational axis 904. Rotational component 902 includes first surface 906 and second surface 908. First surface 906 includes gear component 910 (e.g., a sun gear component, etc.) that is configured to operably engage one or more gear components of at least a second rotational component (not shown) when rotational component 902 is disposed proximal to the second rotational component such that when the rotational component 902 rotates in a first direction, the second rotational component rotates in a second direction. In addition, second surface 908 comprises gear component 912 (e.g., a ring gear component, etc.) that is configured to operably engage one or more gear components (via gear components 914) of a third rotational (not shown) component when rotational component 902 is disposed proximal to the third rotational component such that when rotational component 902 rotates in the first direction, the second rotational component rotates in the second direction.

Gear structure 915 includes support component 917 and gear components 914 (e.g., planetary gear components or the like), which are rotatably coupled to support component 917. Support component 917 of gear structure 915 also includes friction reducing materials 919 (shown as elevated or pointed surface features) to reduce friction as rotational component 902 rotates relative to support component 917. As also shown in, for example, FIGS. 9J-L, surface 916 of the rotational component 902 comprises implement 918 (shown as a plurality of bristles), which surface 916 is configured to rotate substantially non-perpendicular to rotational axis 904. In this embodiment, for example, surface 916 of rotational component 902 is configured to rotate substantially parallel to rotational axis 904.

Rotary unit 900 also includes friction reducing materials 920 (shown as roller balls) disposed on first surface 906 of rotational component 902 to reduce friction as rotational component 902 rotates relative to another rotational component. In the embodiments in which friction reducing materials are utilized, essentially any friction reducing material is optionally adapted for use with the rotary units of the invention. Other exemplary embodiments include, for example, coatings (e.g., TEFLON®, etc.), lubricants, surface features, and/or the like. Rotational or rotary mechanisms typically include one or more rotary units 900. Exemplary rotational mechanisms are described further herein.

As further shown in FIG. 9I, for example, in some embodiments during rotary unit assembly retaining mechanism 922 is attached to another portion of rotational component 902, once gear structure 915 is positioned in a gear structure receiving area, via attachment components 924 (e.g., which clip into corresponding notches (not within view) in the portion of the rotational component that includes retaining mechanism 922 in this representative embodiment).

In addition, rotary unit 900 also includes drive mechanism component receiving area 925 (shown as a hole disposed through rotational component 902) that is configured to receive a drive mechanism component, such as a drive shaft or a portion thereof. Other exemplary drive mechanism components are described herein or otherwise known in the art.

FIGS. 10A-M schematically depict an exemplary rotary unit or components thereof according to one embodiment of the invention. As shown, rotary unit 1000 includes rotational component 1002 that is configured to rotate around rotational axis 1004. Rotational component 1002 includes first surface 1006 and second surface 1008. First surface 1006 includes gear component 1010 (e.g., a sun gear component, etc.) that is configured to operably engage one or more gear components of at least a second rotational component (not shown) when rotational component 1002 is disposed proximal to the second rotational component such that when the rotational component 1002 rotates in a first direction, the second rotational component rotates in a second direction. In addition, second surface 1008 comprises gear component 1012 (e.g., a ring gear component, etc.) that is configured to operably engage one or more gear components (via gear components 1014) of a third rotational (not shown) component when rotational component 1002 is disposed proximal to the third rotational component such that when rotational component 1002 rotates in the first direction, the third rotational component rotates in the second direction (e.g., in the same direction as the second rotational component).

Gear structure 1015 includes support component 1017 and gear components 1014 (e.g., planetary gear components or the like), which are rotatably coupled to support component 1017. Support component 1017 of gear structure 1015 also includes friction reducing materials 1019 (shown as elevated or pointed surface features) to reduce friction as rotational component 1002 rotates relative to support component 1017. As also shown in, for example, FIGS. 10K-M, surface 1016 of the rotational component 1002 comprises implement 1018 (shown as a plurality of bristles), which surface 1016 is configured to rotate substantially non-perpendicular to rotational axis 1004. In this embodiment, for example, surface 1016 of rotational component 1002 is configured to rotate substantially parallel to rotational axis 1004.

Rotary unit 1000 also includes friction reducing materials 1020 (shown as elevated surface features) disposed on first surface 1006 of rotational component 1002 to reduce friction as rotational component 1002 rotates relative to another rotational component. In the embodiments in which friction reducing materials are utilized, essentially any friction reducing material is optionally adapted for use with the rotary units of the invention. Other exemplary embodiments include, for example, coatings (e.g., TEFLON®, etc.), lubricants, surface features, and/or the like. In some embodiments of the rotary units of the invention, friction reducing materials are not utilized. Rotational mechanisms typically include one or more rotary units 1000. Exemplary rotational or rotary mechanisms are described further herein.

In addition, rotary unit 1000 also includes drive mechanism component receiving area 1024 (shown as a hole disposed through rotational component 1002) that is configured to receive a drive mechanism component, such as a drive shaft or a portion thereof. Other exemplary drive mechanism components are described herein or otherwise known in the art.

To further illustrate, FIGS. 11A-G schematically show a rotary unit or components thereof according to an exemplary embodiment of the invention. As shown, rotary unit 1100 includes rotational component 1102 that is configured to rotate around rotational axis 1104. Rotational component 1102 includes first surface 1106 and second surface 1108. First surface 1106 includes gear component 1110 (e.g., a sun gear component, etc.) that is configured to operably engage one or more gear components (via gear components 1114) of at least a second rotational component (not shown) when rotational component 1102 is disposed proximal to the second rotational component such that when the rotational component 1102 rotates in a first direction, the second rotational component rotates in a second direction. In addition, second surface 1108 comprises gear component 1112 (e.g., a ring gear component, etc.) that is configured to operably engage one or more gear components of a third rotational (not shown) component when rotational component 1102 is disposed proximal to the third rotational component such that when rotational component 1102 rotates in the first direction, the third rotational component rotates in the second direction (e.g., in the same direction as the second rotational component).

Gear structure 1115 includes support component 1117 and gear components 1114 (e.g., planetary gear components or the like), which are rotatably coupled to support component 1117. Support component 1117 of gear structure 1115 also includes friction reducing materials 1119 (shown as elevated or pointed surface features) to reduce friction as rotational component 1102 rotates relative to support component 1117. As also shown in, for example, FIGS. 11E-G, surface 1116 of the rotational component 1102 comprises implement 1118 (shown as a plurality of bristles in this exemplary embodiment), which surface 1116 is configured to rotate substantially non-perpendicular to rotational axis 1104. In this embodiment, for example, surface 1116 of rotational component 1102 is configured to rotate substantially parallel to rotational axis 1104. Rotational mechanisms typically include one or more rotary units 1100. Exemplary rotational or rotary mechanisms are described further herein.

In addition, rotary unit 1100 also includes drive mechanism component receiving area 1124 (shown as a hole disposed through rotational component 1102) that is configured to receive a drive mechanism component, such as a drive shaft or a portion thereof. Other exemplary drive mechanism components are described herein or otherwise known in the art.

FIGS. 12A-F schematically show a rotary unit or components thereof according to an exemplary embodiment of the invention. As shown, rotary unit 1200 includes rotational component 1202 that includes gear component 1210 (e.g., a sun gear component, etc.) that is configured to operably engage one or more gear components of at least a second rotational component (not shown) when rotational component 1202 is disposed proximal to the second rotational component such that when the rotational component 1202 rotates in a first direction, the second rotational component rotates in a second direction. In addition, rotational component 1202 comprises gear component 1212 (e.g., a ring gear component, etc.) that is configured to operably engage one or more gear components (via gear components 1214) of a third rotational (not shown) component when rotational component 1202 is disposed proximal to the third rotational component such that when rotational component 1202 rotates in the first direction, the third rotational component rotates in the second direction. Rotational component 1202 is structured similar to rotational component 1002 described herein, but further includes recessed area 1203, which is described below.

Gear structure 1215 includes support component 1217 and gear components 1214 (e.g., planetary gear components or the like), which are rotatably coupled to support component 1217. Support component 1217 of gear structure 1215 also includes friction reducing materials 1219 (shown as elevated or pointed surface features) to reduce friction as rotational component 1202 rotates relative to support component 1217. As also shown, gear structure 1215 also includes retaining features 1220 that are structured to fit and move within recessed area 1203 when gear structure 1215 is disposed in the gear structure receiving area of rotational component 1202. Retaining features 1220 further align and retain gear structure 1215 relative to rotational component 1202. In some embodiments, retaining features 1220 are not included. Although not shown, rotary unit 1200 also typically includes one or more implements. Rotational or rotary mechanisms typically include one or more rotary units 1200. Exemplary rotational mechanisms are described further herein.

In addition, rotary unit 1200 also includes drive mechanism component receiving area 1224 (shown as a hole disposed through rotational component 1202) that is configured to receive a drive mechanism component, such as a drive shaft or a portion thereof. Other exemplary drive mechanism components are described herein or otherwise known in the art.

FIGS. 13A-E schematically show components of rotary unit according to one exemplary embodiment of the invention. As shown, the rotary unit includes rotational component 1302 and gear component 1304 (e.g., a planetary gear component or the like). Although not shown, rotational component 1302 typically includes one or more implements (e.g., gear components, bristles, prongs, blades, etc.). Rotational component 1302 includes gear component 1310 (e.g., a ring gear component, etc.) that is configured to operably engage or mesh with gear component 1304. Rotational mechanisms that include these components are described further herein.

FIGS. 14A-D schematically show a rotary unit or components thereof according to an exemplary embodiment of the invention. As shown, rotary unit 1400 includes rotational component 1402 that includes gear component 1410 (e.g., a sun gear component, etc.), gear component 1412 (e.g., a ring gear component, etc.), and gear structure receiving area 1413. Gear component 1410 substantially fixedly extends from first surface 1406 of rotational component 1402. Gear component 1410 is configured to operably engage or mesh with one or more other gear components of another rotary unit when gear component 1410 is disposed proximal to the other gear components. Gear component 1412 substantially fixedly extends from second surface 1408 of rotational component 1402. Gear component 1412 communicates with gear structure receiving area 1413. Gear structure receiving area 1413 is configured to receive gear structure 1415.

Gear structure 1415 includes support component 1417 and gear components 1414 (e.g., planetary gear components or the like), which are rotatably coupled to support component 1417. Gear components 1414 are configured to operably engage or mesh with one or more other gear components when gear components 1414 are disposed proximal to the other gear components. Rotational component 1402 is configured to rotate relative to support component 1417, which support component 1417 is substantially fixedly positioned when rotational component 1402 rotates relative to support component 1417. Gear components 1414 are configured to rotate relative to rotational component 1402. Gear structures that include support components 1417 are described further herein. Although not shown, rotary unit 1400 also typically includes one or more implements. Rotational or rotary mechanisms typically include one or more rotary units 1400. Exemplary rotational mechanisms are described further herein.

FIGS. 15A-D schematically illustrate a rotary unit according to one embodiment of the invention. As shown, rotary unit 1500 includes rotational component 1502 that includes first sun gear component 1504 and second sun gear component 1506 on first and second surfaces, respectively, of rotational component 1502, which substantially oppose one another. First sun gear component 1504 is configured to operably engage one or more gear components of at least a second rotational component (not shown) when rotational component 1502 is disposed proximal to the second rotational component such that when rotational component 1502 rotates in a first direction, the second rotational component rotates in a second direction. Second sun gear component 1506 is configured to operably engage one or more gear components of at least a third rotational component (not shown) when rotational component 1502 is disposed proximal to the third rotational component such that when rotational component 1502 rotates in the first direction, the third rotational component rotates in the second direction. Exemplary gears that are optionally adapted for use with the rotary units, rotational mechanisms, and related applications of the invention are also described in, e.g., Dudley, Handbook of Practical Gear Design (Mechanical Engineering Series), CRC Press, 1^(st) Ed. (1994) and Litvin and Fuentes, Gear Geometry and Applied Theory, Cambridge University Press; 2^(nd) Ed. (2004), which are both incorporated herein in their entirety for all purposes.

Rotary unit 1500 also includes hole 1508 disposed through rotational component 1502. Hole 1508 is configured to receive, e.g., a drive mechanism component (e.g., an axle, a shaft, a gear structure component, etc.) or a support component such that rotational component 1502 can rotate around the drive mechanism component, the support component, or the like. Rotational component 1502 also includes friction reducing materials 1510 (shown as elevated or pointed surface features) to reduce friction as rotational component 1502 rotates relative to, e.g., other rotational components. In addition, rotational component 1502 also includes implements 1512 on a surface of rotational component 1502 that is configured to rotate substantially non-perpendicular to a rotational axis of rotary unit 1500. Essentially any implement is optionally adapted for use with rotary unit 1500, including the exemplary implements described herein. Rotary unit 1500 is typically included in a rotational or rotary mechanism, a device or the like. Exemplary rotational mechanisms that include rotary unit 1500 are described herein. In addition, representative devices that are optionally adapted to include rotary unit 1500 are also described herein.

FIGS. 16 A-Q schematically illustrate a rotary unit or components thereof according to one embodiment of the invention. As shown, rotary unit 1600 includes rotational component 1602 that includes first ring gear component 1604 and second ring gear component 1606 on first and second surfaces, respectively, of rotational component 1602, which substantially oppose one another. First ring gear component 1604 is configured to operably engage one or more gear components of at least a second rotational component (not shown) when rotational component 1602 is disposed proximal to the second rotational component such that when rotational component 1602 rotates in a first direction, the second rotational component rotates in a second direction. Second ring gear component 1606 is configured to operably engage one or more gear components of at least a third rotational component (not shown) when rotational component 1602 is disposed proximal to the third rotational component such that when rotational component 1602 rotates in the first direction, the third rotational component rotates in the second direction.

Rotary unit 1600 also includes hole 1608 disposed through rotational component 1602. Hole 1608 is configured to receive, e.g., a drive mechanism component (e.g., an axle, a shaft, a gear structure component, etc.) or a support component such that rotational component 1602 can rotate around the drive mechanism component, the support component, or the like. Exemplary drive mechanism components and support components are described herein. Although not shown, rotational component 1602 optionally also includes friction reducing materials (e.g., elevated or pointed surface features, surface coatings, roller balls, etc.) to reduce friction as rotational component 1602 rotates relative to, e.g., other rotational components. In addition, rotational component 1602 also includes implements 1610 on a surface of rotational component 1602 that is configured to rotate substantially non-perpendicular to a rotational axis of rotary unit 1600. Essentially any implement is optionally adapted for use with rotary unit 1600, including the exemplary implements described herein. Rotary unit 1600 is typically included in a rotational or rotary mechanism, a device or the like. Exemplary rotational mechanisms that include rotary unit 1600 are described herein. In addition, representative devices that are optionally adapted to include rotary unit 1600 are also described herein.

In some embodiments, rotary unit 1600 also includes gear structure 1612, which includes support component 1614 and first planetary gear components 1616 and second planetary gear components 1618 rotatably coupled to support component 1614. As shown, first planetary gear components 1616 are configured to operably engage or mesh with first ring gear component 1604, second planetary gear components 1618 are configured to operably engage or mesh with second ring gear component 1606, and rotational component 1602 is configured to rotate relative to support component 1614, which is substantially fixedly positioned (e.g., in an assembled rotational mechanism, device, etc.) when rotational component 1602 rotates relative to support component 1614. As also shown, for example, in FIGS. 16 A and B, respectively, first ring gear component 1604 at least partially defines first gear structure receiving area 1605 and second ring gear component 1606 at least partially defines second gear structure receiving area 1607. First gear structure receiving area 1605 and second gear structure receiving area 1607 are configured to receive first portion 1622 and second portion 1624, respectively, of support component 1614 of gear structure 1612. First portion 1622 and second portion 1624 of support component 1614 of gear structure 1612 are described, e.g., further below.

FIG. 16G schematically shows an exploded side view of gear structure 1612 according to one embodiment of the invention. As shown, threaded region 1620 of first portion 1622 of support component 1614 inserts into a threaded region receiving area (not within view in FIG. 16G) of second portion 1624 of support component 1614 during assembly of gear structure 1612. In addition, first planetary gear components 1616 are rotatably coupled to second portion 1624 of support component 1614 via pronged retaining elements 1626 and second planetary gear components 1618 are rotatably coupled to first portion 1622 of support component 1614 via pronged retaining elements 1628 during assembly of gear structure 1612. As also shown, first portion 1622 and second portion 1624 of support component 1614 include friction reducing materials 1630 (shown as elevated or pointed surface features), e.g., to minimize friction when rotational component 1602 rotates relative to support component 1614 during operation of assembled rotary unit 1600. To further illustrate, FIG. 16M schematically shows an exploded view of rotary unit 1600 with first portion 1622 and second portion 1624 of support component 1614 of gear structure 1612 prior to assembly with rotational component 1602.

To further illustrate, FIG. 16K schematically illustrates gear structure 1612 prior to assembly with another gear structure 1612 from a side view according to one embodiment of the invention. As shown, during assembly, threaded region 1632 of one support component 1614 is inserted into threaded region receiving area 1634 of another support component 1614 such that the assembled support components 1614 are substantially fixedly positioned relative to one another, e.g., when rotational components 1602 of rotary units 1600 rotate relative to support components 1614. Essentially any attachment technique is optionally utilized to attach support components 1614 of gear structures 1612 to one another or first portion 1622 and second portion 1624 of support component 1614 to one another. Some exemplary techniques include, for example, bonding, welding, adhering, or the like. In some embodiments, multiple support components 1614 are fabricated as single integral part (e.g., as a molded part or the like).

FIGS. 27 A-G schematically illustrate rotary units or components thereof from various views according to one exemplary embodiment of the invention. As shown, rotary unit 4200 or rotary unit 4202 each include rotational component 4204, which includes gear component 4206 (e.g., a ring gear component) and surface 4208 that includes implements 4210. Rotational component 4204 is configured to rotate around rotational axis 4212. Surface 4208, which includes implements 4210 is configured to rotate substantially non-perpendicular to rotational axis 4212. In some of these embodiments, surface 4208 is configured to rotate substantially parallel to rotational axis 4212 of rotational component 4204. Rotary unit 4200 includes first gear component 4214 and third gear component 4216. First gear component 4214 operably engages (e.g., meshes with) gear component 4206 such that when first gear component 4214 rotates in a first direction, rotational component 4204 rotates in the first direction. Rotary unit 4202 includes second gear component 4218 operably engages (e.g., meshes with) gear component 4206 of rotational component 4204. Second gear component 4218 operably engages (e.g., meshes with) third gear component 4216 when rotational component 4204 of rotary unit 4200 is disposed proximal to (e.g., operably engages) rotational component 4204 of rotary unit 4202 such that when first gear component 4214 rotates in the first direction, the rotational component 4204 of rotary unit 4200 rotates in the first direction and second gear component 4218 and rotational component 4204 of rotary unit 4202 rotate in a second direction.

Rotational component 4204 also includes alignment component 4220 and alignment component receiving area 4222. Alignment component 4220 and alignment component receiving area 4222 are configured to align rotational component 4204 relative to other rotational components when the other rotational components are disposed proximal to rotational component 4202. For example, alignment component 4220 of rotational component 4204 is configured to be received by an alignment component receiving area of another rotational component, while alignment component receiving area 4222 of rotational component 4204 is configured to receive an alignment component of another rotational component.

The drive mechanism components or portions thereof of the rotary units of the invention include various embodiments. Rotary unit 4200, for example, includes drive mechanism component or portion thereof 4224 (e.g., shown as a shaft component), which operably engages first gear component 4214 and at least one other gear component (i.e., third gear component 4216 in this embodiment). Drive mechanism component or portion thereof 4224 is configured to effect rotation of first gear component 4214 and third gear component 4216. To further illustrate, rotary unit 4202 includes drive mechanism component or portion thereof 4226 (e.g., shown as a shaft component), which operably engages second gear component 4218. Drive mechanism components or portions thereof, including drive mechanism component receiving areas are described further herein.

To further illustrate, FIGS. 24A-H, 25 A and B, and 26 A and B schematically illustrate various rotary units from different views according to certain embodiments of the invention. Each of these illustrated embodiments include rotary unit 1400, as described herein, with various exemplary implement embodiments. Any other rotary unit described herein is also used or adapted for use in these embodiments. FIGS. 24 A and B show exemplary winding rotor 2451, which includes winding 2450 (e.g., copper or the like) wound around the rotational component of rotary unit 1400 (e.g., which functions as a core in certain embodiments). FIGS. 24 C and D show exemplary winding rotor 2453, which includes substantially equi-angularly positioned windings 2452 disposed on a surface of the rotational component of rotary unit 1400 and wound around cores 2454. FIGS. 24 E and F show exemplary winding rotor 2455, which includes substantially equi-angularly positioned windings 2456 disposed on a surface of the rotational component of rotary unit 1400 and wound around cores 2458. FIGS. 24 G and H show exemplary winding rotor 2457, which includes substantially equi-angularly positioned windings 2460 disposed on a surface of the rotational component of rotary unit 1400 and wound around cores 2462. FIGS. 25 A and B schematically show exemplary magnet rotor 2459 that includes an array of magnets 2464 with circumferentially alternating north/south and south/north orientations N, S. Magnets 2464 are circumferentially separated from each other by non-magnetic material spacer components 2466. FIGS. 26 A and B schematically show exemplary pole rotor 2461 that includes poles 2468 separated by non-magnetic material 2470. Other rotor embodiments may have different arrangements of, and/or more or fewer cores, windings, poles, and/or magnets than are schematically depicted in, for example, FIGS. 24A-H, 25 A and B, and 26 A and B.

FIGS. 46A-E schematically show components of a rotary unit according to one exemplary embodiment of the invention. As shown, the rotary unit includes rotational component 2602 and gear structure 2604. Rotational component 2602 includes gear components 2606 (e.g., ring gear components, etc.). Although not shown, rotational component 2602 typically includes one or more implements (e.g., windings, poles, electromagnetic radiation sources, magnets, gear components, etc.). Gear structure 2604 includes support component 2608 and gear components 2610 (e.g., planetary gear components or the like), which are rotatably coupled (see, directional arrows in FIG. 46D) to support component 2608. Gear components 2610 of gear structure 2604 are configured to operably engage or mesh with gear components 2606 (e.g., neighboring pairs of rotational components 2602). FIG. 46F schematically illustrates a gear structure prior to assembly with another gear structure from a side view according to one embodiment of the invention. During assembly, threaded region 2612 of one support component 2608 is inserted into a threaded region receiving area (not within view) of another support component 2608 such that the assembled support components 2608 are substantially fixedly positioned relative to one another when rotational components 2602 of the rotary units and gear components 2610 rotate relative to support components 2608 and to one another. Essentially any attachment technique is optionally utilized to attach support components 2608 to one another. Some exemplary techniques include, for example, bonding, welding, adhering, or the like. FIG. 46G schematically shows an assembly that includes four gear structures 2604 from a side view according to one embodiment of the invention. Portions of support components 2608 that include threaded regions 2612 are also configured to be disposed through holes 2614 of rotational components 2602. Rotational components 2602 are configured to rotate around those portions of support components 2608.

III. Exemplary Rotary Mechanisms

In certain embodiments, the invention provides rotary or rotational mechanisms that include two or more rotational components or rotary units (e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, or more rotational components or rotary units). Rotary mechanisms also typically include at least one counter-rotational mechanism operably coupled to one or more of the rotational components. The counter-rotational mechanism is generally configured to effect substantially simultaneous counter-rotation of the rotational components relative to one another when movement of at least a portion of the counter-rotational mechanism is effected. Rotary mechanisms also typically include drive mechanisms operably coupled to the counter-rotational mechanism and/or rotational components. Drive mechanisms are typically configured to effect movement of at least the portion of the counter-rotational mechanisms such that the rotational components substantially simultaneously counter-rotate relative to one another. In some embodiments, for example, multiple rotary units are included as components (e.g., rotational components and counter-rotational mechanisms, etc.) of rotary mechanisms.

In some embodiments, rotary units are operably coupled to one another via one or more shafts. To illustrate one embodiment, FIG. 17A schematically depicts rotary units 100 and drive mechanism component 1702 (shown as a shaft) prior to assembly. As shown, gear component 1704 is fixedly coupled to shaft 1702 and is configured to operably engage third gear components 114 (not within view in FIGS. 17 A and B) of a rotary unit 100 in assembled rotary mechanism 1700. During assembly, shaft 1702 is inserted through drive mechanism component receiving areas 122 (shown as holes, e.g., in FIG. 1A) of rotary units 100 to operably couple rotary units 100 to one another. FIG. 17B schematically illustrates rotary units 100 and shaft 1702 following assembly. Suitable shafts include a variety of cross-sectional shapes (e.g., circular, oval, triangular, square, rectangular, polygonal, etc.). In some embodiments, a given shaft includes multiple cross-sectional shapes. In some of these embodiments, individual rotary units include drive mechanism component receiving areas (e.g., holes, apertures, etc.) that correspond to those different cross-sectional shapes. In some embodiments, for example, one member of a pair of neighboring rotary units includes a square hole that fits on a square cross-section of a shaft, while the other member of the pair includes a circular hole that fits on a circular cross-section of the shaft. In these embodiments, the rotary unit with the square hole typically rotates in a substantially fixed position relative to the shaft, whereas the rotary unit with the circular hole typically rotates substantially free or independent relative to the shaft.

To further illustrate, FIGS. 18 A-C schematically show rotary mechanism 1800 assembled from pairs of rotary units 700 and 800, which are both described further herein. More specifically, FIG. 18A schematically shows an individual pair of rotary units 700 and 800 prior to assembly of rotary mechanism 1800 from side views. FIG. 18B schematically shows partially assembled rotary mechanism 1800 with the rotary units of FIG. 18A from side views. FIG. 18C schematically illustrates rotary mechanism 1800 that includes multiple pairs of rotary units 700 and 800.

In some embodiments, rotary units are operably coupled to one another via one or more shafts. To illustrate one embodiment, FIG. 19A schematically depicts rotary units 900, drive mechanism component 1902 (shown as a shaft), and cap component 1903 prior to assembly. As shown, gear component 1904 is fixedly coupled to shaft 1902 and is configured to operably engage or mesh with gear components 914 of a rotary unit 900 in assembled rotary mechanism 1900. During assembly, shaft 1902 is inserted through drive mechanism component receiving areas 925 (shown as a hole, e.g., in FIG. 9A) of rotary units 900 to operably couple rotary units 900 to one another. Shaft 1902 operably connects with cap component 1903 in assembled rotary mechanism 1900, e.g., to hold rotary units 900 in position relative to one another. FIG. 19B schematically illustrates rotary units 900, shaft 1902, and cap component 1903 following assembly of rotary mechanism 1900. The directional arrows in FIG. 19B schematically depict that neighboring pairs of rotary units 900 in rotary mechanism 1900 are configured to counter-rotate relative to one another. FIG. 19C schematically shows a portion of a rotary mechanism that includes rotary units 900 with implements 918.

FIGS. 20A-O schematically show a rotary mechanism or components thereof according to exemplary embodiments of the invention. As shown, rotary mechanism 2000 includes four rotary units that each include rotational component 1302 and gear component 1304. Rotary mechanism 2000 also includes a drive mechanism that includes shafts 2002 and motors 2004. Motors 2004 are configured to effect rotation of shafts 2002. As shown, the drive mechanism is configured to effect rotation of gear components 1304 such that rotational components 1302 of neighboring or adjacent pairs of rotary units rotate in opposite directions. See, e.g., the directional arrows in FIG. 20H, which schematically depict the counter-rotation of neighboring pairs of rotational components 1302. As shown, one shaft 2002 is operably connected to a first set of two non-neighboring gear components 1304, while the other shaft 2002 is operably connected to a second set of two non-neighboring gear components 1304 that is different from the first set of two non-neighboring of gear components 1304. The two shafts 2002 are configured to rotate in opposite directions. See, e.g., the directional arrows associated with shafts 2002 in FIGS. 20 H and I. As also shown, surfaces 1305 of rotational components 1302 are configured to rotate substantially non-perpendicular to a rotational axis of rotational components 1302.

Any suitable drive mechanism is optionally utilized with these rotary mechanisms. For example, FIG. 20L schematically depicts a portion of a drive mechanism from a side view. As shown, the drive mechanism includes motor 2004 (depicted as a dual shaft motor) that is configured to effect rotation of shafts 2002 in opposite directions via meshing pairs of gear components 2006. To further illustrate, FIGS. 20M-O schematically depict portions of a drive mechanism. As shown, motor 2004 is configured to effect rotation of shafts 2002 in opposite directions via a gear train that includes gear components 2008.

In addition, rotary mechanism 2000 also includes positioning component 2010 (shown as a frame structure) that is configured to position rotary units relative to one another. As shown, shafts 2002 are positioned relative to positioning component 2010 via mount brackets 2012, which permit rotation of shafts 2002. As also shown, positioning component 2010 also includes a plurality of friction reducing materials 2014 (shown as roller balls) disposed on a surface of positioning component 2010 to reduce friction as rotational components 1302 rotates relative to positioning component 2010. In the embodiments in which friction reducing materials are utilized, essentially any friction reducing material is optionally adapted for use with the rotary mechanisms of the invention. Other exemplary embodiments include, for example, coatings (e.g., TEFLON®, etc.), lubricants, surface features, and/or the like. FIG. 20G schematically depicts positioning component 2016 according to another exemplary embodiment.

FIGS. 21A-E schematically show rotary mechanisms or components thereof according to exemplary embodiments of the invention. As shown, rotary mechanism 2100 includes drive mechanism component 2102, which includes ring gear component 2104 and a gear structure. The gear structure includes support component 2106 and planetary gear components 2108 rotatably coupled to support component 2106. Planetary gear components 2108 are configured to operably engage ring gear component 2104 of drive mechanism component 2102 and gear component 1410 of rotary unit 1400. Drive mechanism component 2102 also includes motor 2110, which is configured to effect rotation of ring gear component 2104 via shaft 2112. Shaft 2112 is fixedly connected to ring gear component 2104. When ring gear component 2104 rotates, it effects the counter-rotation of neighboring pairs of rotary units 1400 relative to one another. See, e.g., the directional arrows associated with FIGS. 21 B and C, which schematically depict the counter-rotation of neighboring pairs of rotary units 1400. As also shown, in assembled rotary mechanism 2100, support component 2106 is operably connected to support components 1417 of rotary units 1400 such that support component 2106 and support components 1417 are substantially fixedly positioned relative to one another when ring gear component 2104 effects the counter-rotation of neighboring pairs of rotary units 1400 relative to one another. Gear structures that include support components 1417 are described further herein. To further illustrate, FIG. 21D schematically depicts rotary mechanism 2114, which includes rotary units 1400 with implements 1418. In addition, FIG. 21E schematically illustrates rotary mechanism 2116, which includes rotary units 1400 with implements 1418 and dual shaft motor 2118.

The gear structures of the invention include various embodiments. To illustrate, FIG. 22A schematically illustrates gear structure 1415 prior to assembly with another gear structure 1415 from a side view according to one embodiment of the invention. As shown, gear structure 1415 includes support component 1417 and gear components 1414 (e.g., planetary gear components or the like), which are rotatably coupled to support component 1417. Gear components 1414 are configured to operably engage or mesh with one or more other gear components when gear components 1414 are disposed proximal to the other gear components. During assembly, threaded region 1429 of one support component 1417 is inserted into threaded region receiving area 1427 of another support component 1417 such that the assembled support components 1417 are substantially fixedly positioned relative to one another when rotational components 1402 of rotary units 1400 rotate relative to support components 1417 and to one another. Essentially any attachment technique is optionally utilized to attach support components 1417 to one another. Some exemplary techniques include, for example, bonding, welding, adhering, or the like. In some embodiments, multiple support components 1417 are fabricated as single integral part (e.g., as a molded part or the like). FIG. 22B schematically shows an assembly of four gear structure 1415 from a side view. FIG. 22C schematically depicts the gear structure assembly of FIG. 22B from a rear side view, while FIG. 22D schematically depicts the gear structure assembly of FIG. 22B from a front side view.

To further illustrate, FIG. 22E schematically shows rotary mechanism 2200 that includes the gear structure assembly of FIG. 22B from a sectional view according to one embodiment of the invention. As shown, rotary mechanism 2200 includes four rotary units 1400. Counter-rotation of neighboring rotational components 1402 in rotary mechanism 2200 is effected by drive mechanism component 2202, which includes shaft component 2206 and gear component 2204. FIG. 22F schematically shows rotary mechanism 2200 from a side view. Rotational components 1402 of rotary units 1400 of rotation mechanism 2200 are configured to rotate relative to support components 1417, which support components 1417 are substantially fixedly positioned when rotational components 1402 rotates relative to support components 1417. Gear components 1414 are configured to rotate relative to rotational components 1402.

FIGS. 23A-T schematically depict a rotational mechanism or components thereof according to one embodiment of the invention. To illustrate, FIGS. 23A and C, for example, schematically depicts a portion of rotational or rotary mechanism 2300 from an exploded side and exploded side sectional views, respectively. During assembly of rotational mechanism 2300, support component 1614 of one rotary unit 1600 is inserted through hole 1508 of rotary unit 1500 and threaded region 1632 of that support component 1614 is received and retained in threaded region receiving area of another rotary unit 1600.

FIGS. 23E-P schematically show a portion of a drive mechanism component that is utilized to effect counter-rotation of neighboring pairs of rotary unit 1500 and rotary unit 1600 of rotational mechanism 2300. As shown, the portion of the drive mechanism component includes rotational component 2302, which includes ring gear component 2304, hole 2306, and implements 2308. The portion of the drive mechanism component also includes gear structure 2310, which includes support structure 2312 and planetary gear components 2314 rotatably coupled to support structure 2312. Support structure 2312 also includes friction reducing materials 2316 (shown as elevated or pointed surface features) to, e.g., reduce friction between support structure 2312 and rotational component 2302 when rotational component 2302 rotates relative to support structure 2312. Support structure 2312 also includes threaded region 2318, which is received by a corresponding threaded region receiving area of fastener 2320 (e.g., a nut or the like) through hole 2306 to hold gear structure 2310 in position relative to rotational component 2302, yet permit rotational component 2302 to rotate relative to support structure 2312 and planetary gear components 2314. In addition, support structure 2312 also includes threaded region receiving area 2322, which is configured to receiving thread region 1632 of a rotary unit 1600, e.g., in assembled rotational mechanism 2300.

As also shown, a shaft 2324 is also fixedly connected to rotational component 2302. Although not shown, a motor or the like is typically operably connected to shaft 2324, which effects the rotation of shaft 2324 and the counter-rotation of neighboring pairs of rotary unit 1500 and rotary unit 1600 of rotational mechanism 2300 (e.g., as schematically depicted by the directional arrows shown, e.g., in FIG. 23S) during operation. In addition, a rotary unit 1600 also operably connects to support component 2326 via threaded region receiving area 1634 of support structure 1614, e.g., such that support structures 1614 of rotary units 1600 and support structure 2312 of gear structure 2310 are substantially fixedly positioned when rotary units 1500, rotary units 1600, and rotational component 2302 rotate relative to one another in rotational mechanism 2300. Essentially any support component is optionally used. In some embodiments, support components are included in or as part of devices, apparatus, or other applications of the rotational mechanisms of the invention. Exemplary support components and applications are described herein.

FIGS. 28 A-I schematically illustrate a rotary mechanism or components thereof from various views according to one exemplary embodiment of the invention. As shown, rotary mechanism 4300 includes rotational components 4204, which include gear components 4206 (e.g., ring gear components). Rotary mechanism 4300 also includes counter-rotational mechanism 4313 that includes first gear components 4214 that operably engage (e.g., mesh with) a ring gear component 4206 of a first rotational component 4204 of a neighboring pair of rotational components. Counter-rotational mechanism 4313 also includes second gear components 4218 that operably engage (e.g., mesh with) a ring gear component 4206 of a second rotational component 4204 of a neighboring pair of rotational components. Counter-rotational mechanism 4313 also includes third gear components 4216 that operably engage (e.g., mesh with) second gear components 4218 such that when first gear components 4214 rotate in a first direction, first rotational components 4204 of neighboring pairs of rotational components rotate in the first direction and second gear components 4218 and second rotational components 4204 of neighboring pairs of rotational components rotate in a second direction (e.g., substantially opposite the first direction).

Rotational components 4204 include alignment components 4220 and alignment component receiving areas 4222 that are configured to align rotational components 4204 relative to one another, e.g., when rotational components 4204 rotate. As shown, an alignment component receiving area 4222 of a given rotational component 4204 is configured to receive at least a portion of an alignment component 4220 of another rotational component 4204. In this exemplary embodiment, alignment components 4220 are shown as circular ridge structures. Other alignment components or mechanisms are also optionally used to align rotational components relative to one another in the rotary mechanisms of the invention. In some embodiments, friction reducing materials are disposed between neighboring pairs of rotational components in a rotary mechanism to reduce friction between the rotational components when the rotational components rotate relative to one another. In some embodiments, for example, one or more lubricants are disposed between at least one neighboring pair of rotational components 4204 before and/or after the alignment component 4220 of one rotational component 4204 is inserted into the alignment component receiving area 4222 of another rotational component 4204. Other exemplary friction reducing materials that are optionally used or adapted for use with the rotary mechanisms of the invention are described herein or otherwise known to those of skill in the art.

Rotary mechanism 4300 also includes drive mechanism components or portions thereof 4224 and 4226 (e.g., shown as shaft components in this exemplary embodiment). As shown, shaft component 4224 operably engages first gear components 4214 and third gear components 4216, while shaft component 4226 operably engages second gear components 4218. As also shown, rotary mechanism 4300 also includes drive mechanism components or portions thereof 4302 (e.g., shown as motor in this exemplary embodiment) operably connected to shaft component 4224. Motor 4302 is configured to effect rotation of shaft component 4224 and thereby first gear components 4214 and third gear components 4216 as well as shaft component 4226 and second gear components 4218 such that when first gear components 4214 rotate in a first direction, first rotational components 4204 of neighboring pairs of rotational components rotate in the first direction and second gear components 4218 and second rotational components 4204 of neighboring pairs of rotational components rotate in a second direction (e.g., substantially opposite the first direction). Rotary mechanism 4300 is typically operably incorporated into, or otherwise operably associated with, a device, vehicle, or the like. Exemplary devices, vehicles, or other applications that are optionally used or adapted for use with rotary mechanism 4300 or the like are, e.g., described further herein.

The rotary mechanisms of the invention or components thereof are fabricated or assembled using various techniques. In some embodiments, rotary mechanisms are assembled using rotational components that include multiple portions. As shown in FIGS. 29 A-C, for example, a rotary mechanism is optionally assembled using rotational components 4400, which each include rotational component portion 4402 and rotational component portion 4404. Rotational component portions 4402 and rotational component portions 4404 include portions of the ring gear components, alignment components, and alignment component receiving areas described herein, e.g., with respect to rotational components 4204. Rotational component portions 4402 also include alignment features 4406 and rotational component portions 4404 also include corresponding alignment feature receiving areas (not within view) that are configured to receive alignment features 4406. As shown, during assembly, rotational component portions 4402 and rotational component portions 4404 are joined (e.g., adhered, bonded, welded, etc.) with one another and positioned in operable engagement with first gear components 4214 and second gear components 4218 to form rotary mechanisms.

In certain embodiments, rotary mechanisms are assembled using shaft components that include multiple portions. FIGS. 30 A and B, 31 A and B, 32 A and B, and 33 show aspects of one of these exemplary embodiments. As shown, shaft component portion 4500 includes drive mechanism component receiving area 4700 and shaft component portion 4502 includes notched portion 4702 that is configured to be received by drive mechanism component receiving area 4700 of shaft component portion 4500. Shaft component portion 4500 and shaft component portion 4502 are each operably connected to a first gear component 4214 and a third gear component 4216. In addition, shaft component portion 4504 includes drive mechanism component receiving area 4700 and shaft component portion 4506 includes notched portion 4702 that is configured to be received by drive mechanism component receiving area 4700 of shaft component portion 4504. Shaft component portion 4504 and shaft component portion 4506 are each operably connected to a second gear component 4218. As shown, for example, in FIG. 33 rotational components 4204 are positioned relative to first gear components 4214 operably connected to shaft component portion 4500 or shaft component portion 4502 or second gear components 4218 operably connected to shaft component portion 4504 or shaft component portion 4506 and corresponding drive mechanism component receiving areas 4700 and notched portions 4702 are joined together during the assembly of a rotary mechanism in this exemplary embodiment. In some embodiments, multiple shaft portions and multiple rotational component portions are used together in the assembly of rotary mechanisms. Other exemplary rotary mechanism or component fabrication and assembly techniques are described herein.

As also shown, rotational components 4204 of rotary mechanism 4300 also include implements 4210. Other exemplary implements that are optionally used or adapted for use with rotational components 4204 are described further herein. In some embodiments, for example, implements are rotatably coupled to rotation components. In some of these embodiments, implements are configured to operably engage one or more gear components of one or more other rotational components. Rotatably coupled implements are described further herein, for example, with respect to FIGS. 6A-G, 24A-D, 25 A and B, and 26.

FIGS. 35 A-F schematically show a rotary mechanism or components thereof from various views according to one exemplary embodiment of the invention. As shown, rotary mechanism 5100 includes rotary units that include rotational components 4204. Rotational components 4204 include gear components 4206 (e.g., ring gear components). Additional details about rotational components (e.g., rotational components 4204) are described further herein. The rotary units also include second gear components 4218, which are configured to operably engage gear components 4206 of rotational components 4204. Rotary mechanism 5100 also includes a drive mechanism component or portion thereof that operably engages second gear components 4218. The drive mechanism component or portion thereof is configured to effect rotation of second gear components 4218 such that rotational component 4204 of one rotary unit of a neighboring pair of rotary units rotates in a first direction and rotational component 4204 of the other rotary unit of the neighboring pair of rotary units rotates in a second direction. As shown, the drive mechanism component or portion thereof includes shaft component 5102 and shaft component 5104. Shaft component 5102 operably engages second gear components 4218 of one rotary unit of each neighboring pair of rotary units, while shaft component 5104 operably engages second gear components 4218 of the other rotary unit of each neighboring pair of rotary units. Shaft component 5102 and shaft component 5104 are also operably connected to drive gear components 5106 and 5108, respectively. In assembled rotary mechanism 5100, drive gear components 5106 and 5108 mesh with one another. As shown, shaft component 5102 is also operably connected to motor 5110. Motor 5110 is configured to effect rotation of shaft component 5102 and thereby second gear components 4218 and corresponding rotational components 4204 of one rotary unit of each neighboring pair of rotary units in a first direction and second gear components 4218 and corresponding rotational components 4204 of the other rotary unit of each neighboring pair of rotary units via drive gear components 5106 and 5108 and shaft component 5104 in a second direction. In some embodiments, rotary mechanisms also include drive mechanism positioning components that are configured to position drive mechanism components or portions thereof relative to one another. To illustrate, rotary mechanism 5100 includes drive mechanism positioning component 5112, which includes holes 5114. Shaft component 5102 and shaft component 5104 are configured to fit and rotate within holes 5114 such that shaft component 5102 and shaft component 5104 are positioned relative to one another at least during rotation. Rotary mechanism 5100 is typically operably incorporated into, or otherwise operably associated with, a device, vehicle, or the like. Exemplary devices, vehicles, or other applications that are optionally used or adapted for use with rotary mechanism 5100 or the like are, e.g., described further herein.

To further illustrate, FIG. 47A schematically illustrates rotary mechanism 2700 that includes rotational components 2602 and gear structure 2604 of FIGS. 46A-G from a sectional view prior to assembly according to one embodiment of the invention. As shown, FIG. 47A also schematically depicts a portion of a drive mechanism component that is utilized to effect counter-rotation of neighboring pairs of rotational components 2602 (see, e.g., directional arrows in FIG. 47B). As shown, the portion of the drive mechanism component includes rotational component 2601, which includes gear component 2603 and hole 2605. In some embodiments, rotational component 2601 also includes one or more implements. Exemplary implements are described further herein. A threaded region 2612 of one support component 2608 is inserted through hole 2605 and received by a corresponding threaded region receiving area of fastener 2607 (e.g., a nut or the like) to hold the gear structure in position relative rotational components 2602, yet permit rotational components 2602 to rotate relative to support components 2608 and gear components 2610.

As also shown, a shaft 2609 is also fixedly connected to rotational component 2601. In this exemplary embodiment, motor 2611 is operably connected to shaft 2609, which effects the rotation of shaft 2609 and the counter-rotation of neighboring pairs of rotational components 2602 of rotary mechanism 2700 (e.g., as schematically depicted by the directional arrows shown, e.g., in FIG. 47B) during operation. In addition, a support component 2608 also operably connects to support component 2613 via a threaded region receiving area 2608 (not within view) of support structure 2608, e.g., such that support components 2608 and support component 2613 are substantially fixedly positioned when rotational components 2602 of rotary mechanism 2700 rotate relative to one another in rotary mechanism 2700. Support component 2613 also includes gear component 2615 that operably engages or meshes with a pair of gear components 2610 in this exemplary embodiment. Essentially any support component is optionally used. In some embodiments, support components are included in or as part of devices, apparatus, or other applications of the rotational mechanisms of the invention. Exemplary support components and applications are described herein. FIG. 47B schematically depicts rotary mechanism 2700 of FIG. 47A from a sectional view following assembly.

IV. Exemplary Applications

FIG. 36 schematically shows portions of a generator from a side view according to one exemplary embodiment of the invention. The portions of generator 3650 include a rotary mechanism configured similar to rotary mechanism 2100, as described herein, with neighboring pairs of winding rotor 2453 and magnet rotor 2459, which are configured to counter-rotate (see, e.g., directional arrows) substantially non-concentrically relative to one another at least partially around a rotational axis to, e.g., effect current induction in windings 2452 of magnet rotors 2459. Although not shown, various electrical connections (e.g., winding connections, etc.) known to those of skill in the art are optionally used to convey the induced current from windings 2452. In some embodiments of the apparatus of the invention, for example, slip rings or the like are included to conduct current from electrical windings to, e.g., an external electrical system, whereas in other embodiments, slip rings or the like are not included, e.g., depending on the given apparatus configuration. During operation, motor 2110 rotates shaft 2112 to provide mechanical input to effect the counter-rotation of winding rotors 2453 and magnet rotors 2459 to induce current in windings 2452. This electrical power output is typically conveyed via one or more electrical conductors, e.g., to a given device or apparatus. Additional electrical conductors, electrical connections, rotor or stator configurations, and other aspects that are optionally adapted for use with the apparatus of the invention are described in, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 8,063,528, which issued Nov. 22, 2011, and Rizzoni, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 5^(th) Ed., McGraw-Hill (2005), which are both incorporated by reference in their entirety.

To further illustrate, FIGS. 37 A and B schematically show portions of a motor from cutaway side and top views according to one exemplary embodiment of the invention. As shown, the portions of motor 3750 include a rotary mechanism configured similar to rotary mechanism 2100, as described herein, with neighboring pairs of magnet rotor 2459 and spacer rotary unit 1400, which are configured to counter-rotate (see, e.g., directional arrows) substantially non-concentrically relative to one another at least partially around a rotational axis. In addition, motor 3750 also includes stator component 3752, which includes windings 3754 disposed within housing 3756. Windings 3754 are separated from magnet rotors 2459 by air gaps 3753. In this exemplary embodiment, four windings 3754 are substantially equi-angularly positioned relative to an axis of rotation of each magnet rotor 2459. In other embodiments, more or fewer windings are included. In other exemplary embodiments, magnets and/or poles are disposed within housing and windings are disposed on rotor components. Magnet rotors 2459 and spacer rotary units 1400 are also operably connected to shaft 2112, which is connected to gear component 3758. During operation, electrical power is supplied or input to one or more of windings 3754 (electrical connections not shown) to effect counter-rotation of neighboring pairs of magnet rotor 2459 and spacer rotary unit 1400 and the rotation of shaft 2112 and gear component 3758. Gear component 3758 is typically meshed with one or more gear components of, e.g., a given device or apparatus such that the mechanical output from motor 3750 can be utilized. In other exemplary embodiments, shaft 2112 is directly connected (e.g., without gear component 3758) to a given device or apparatus.

FIG. 38 schematically illustrates portions of an apparatus from a cutaway side view according to one exemplary embodiment of the invention. As shown, apparatus 3850 (e.g., which can be configured as a generator and/or a motor) is configured similar to motor 3750, described herein. FIG. 38 schematically illustrates exemplary electrical connections (I) between windings 3754. Various electrical connections (e.g., Y-connected windings, Delta-connected windings, etc.) are optionally adapted for use with the apparatus of the invention.

To illustrate, FIG. 39 schematically illustrates generator 3950 (configured as described herein) operably connected to axle 3952 and wheels 3954 via gear components 3956 and 3958 from a front side view according to one exemplary embodiment of the invention.

FIGS. 40A-J, 41, 42A, and 43A and B schematically illustrate a generator or portions thereof from various views according to one exemplary embodiment of the invention. As shown, generator 4350 includes magnet rotors 4352 and pole rotors 4354. Air gaps 4357 are disposed between neighboring pairs of magnet rotors 4352 and pole rotors 4354. During operation, flux is conveyed across air gaps 4357. Magnet rotors 4352 and pole rotors 4354 are adapted as implements of rotational components 4204 of rotary units 4202, as described herein, and are included in a rotary mechanism configured similar to rotary mechanism 5100, as described herein. Magnet rotor 4352 includes an array of magnets 4353 (e.g., permanent magnets or electromagnets) with circumferentially alternating north/south and south/north orientations N, S. At any given circumferential position, the flux field alternates between an N-S and S-N polarity with an approximately sinusoidal magnitude. Magnets 4353 are circumferentially separated from each other by non-magnetic material spacer components 4355.

In this exemplary embodiment, pole rotors 4354 includes two pole assemblies 4356 (e.g., magnetic steel, etc.) that include bar poles 4358. Multiple assemblies provide the apparatus of the invention with multiple phase operation or generation in certain embodiments. Pole assemblies optionally include different numbers of poles and/or hubs and may be homogeneous, laminated (e.g., axially stacked, etc.), or the like. Each bar pole 4358, in this embodiment, includes axially extending outer bar 4360. Non-magnetic material 4362 (e.g., in the form of an arbor) is disposed axially and radially between two pole assemblies 4356 in pole rotors 4354, e.g., to provide a solid cylindrically annular shape to the pole rotors. As also shown, pole assembly 4356 includes pole hub 4364. Optionally, pole rotors having greater or fewer numbers of pole assemblies than the two pole assemblies 4356 of pole rotors 4354 are utilized in various embodiments of the apparatus of the invention. Pole rotors (e.g., having simple magnetic alloy shapes) with no windings or magnets can typically be rotated at higher speeds than, for example, more conventional magnet-bearing rotors which generally have the same speed and diameter limits as in the corresponding conventional machines.

Generator 4350 includes a stator component that includes housing 4366 having radial cores 4368. The stator component is configured to remain substantially stationary, e.g., relative to rotating rotors. Housing 4366 also includes positioning component 4367, which positions and permits the counter-rotation of the rotary mechanism of generator 4350 within housing 4366. Stationary radial windings 4370 (e.g., stationary with respect to magnet rotors 4352 and pole rotors 4354) are disposed on radial cores 4368 and substantially equi-angularly spaced about corresponding pole rotors 4354 on housing 4366. In certain embodiments, stationary axial windings and axial cores are adapted for use in the apparatus of the invention. As shown, radial poles 4372 are also operably connected to sets of four radial cores 4368 in this exemplary embodiment. Different numbers of cores, windings, and/or poles are optionally utilized. Air gaps 4374 are disposed between neighboring pairs of radial poles 4372 and pole hub 4364. During operation, flux is conveyed across air gaps 4374. As a general rule, the smaller the air gap, the greater the magnetic field strength created in the stator component. Radial poles 4372 conduct the alternative magnetic field from magnets 4353 through electrical windings 4370 on radial cores 4368. The alternating magnetic field in the windings induce an electrical field in the windings, thereby generating electrical potential to provide, e.g., to an external electrical system. For a given geometry and magnet design, the generated voltage is proportional to the frequency at which the field oscillates, that is the speed at which the magnet rotor rotates.

To further illustrate, FIG. 42B schematically shows portions of a generator from a side view according to one exemplary embodiment of the invention. As shown, the rotary mechanism of the generator includes magnet rotors 4352 and winding rotors 4376, which include stationary axial windings. Air gaps 4378 are disposed between neighboring pairs of magnet rotors 4352 and winding rotors 4376. Magnet rotors 4352 and winding rotors 4376 are adapted as implements of rotational components 4204 of rotary units 4202, as described herein, and are included in a rotary mechanism configured similar to rotary mechanism 5100, as described herein.

The apparatus of the invention are optionally adapted for various uses. In certain embodiments, for example, the generators of the invention are adapted for use with wind turbines. To illustrate, FIGS. 44A-C schematically depict wind turbine 4450 or portions thereof from various views according to one exemplary embodiment of the invention. As shown, wind turbine 4450 includes one or more generators configured similar to generator 4350 as described herein. For example, generators are optionally positioned within housing 4452 and/or housing 4454 of wind turbine 4450. Rotating head component 4456 includes blades 4458 and is operably connected to one or more generators, for example, via gear component 4460. During operation, wind moves blades 4458 and thereby, effect the counter-rotation of magnet rotors 4352 and pole rotors 4354 to generate electrical power output. In some embodiments, animal repellents, such as sonic bird repellents are operably disposed on or proximal to wind turbines to deter animals from getting in the path of moving blades.

To further illustrate, FIG. 45 schematically depicts a wind turbine from a side view according to one exemplary embodiment of the invention. As shown, wind turbine 4550 includes head component 4552 that includes blades 4554. Wind turbine 4550 includes one or more generators configured similar to generator 4350, as described herein, disposed within housing 4556 and operably connected to head component 4552. During operation, wind moves blades 4554 (see, e.g., the directional arrows) and thereby, the counter-rotation of magnet rotors 4352 and pole rotors 4354 to generate electrical power output. In some embodiments, head component 4552 and the one or more generators of wind turbine 4550 are configured to rotate bi-directionally such that electrical power is output whether wind rotates head component 4552 in a clockwise or counter-clockwise direction.

FIGS. 48A-D schematically show portions of an apparatus from various views according to one exemplary embodiment of the invention. More specifically, apparatus 4800 includes rotary mechanism 4802, which is configured similar to rotary mechanism 2700, as described herein. In this exemplary embodiment, rotary mechanism 4802 includes three rotational components 4804, which each include windings 4806 and spacer portion 4808 (e.g., that includes a non-magnetic material). Neighboring pairs of rotational components 4804 are configured to counter-rotate (see, e.g., directional arrows) substantially non-concentrically relative to one another at least partially around a rotational axis. In addition, apparatus 4800 also includes stator component 4810 (shown as a housing), which includes magnets 4812. Magnets 4812 are separated from windings 4806 by air gaps 4814. Apparatus 4800 is optionally configured for use as a generator and/or a motor.

FIGS. 49 A and B schematically show portions of a generator that includes electromagnetic radiation sources from various views according to one exemplary embodiment of the invention. As shown, generator 4900 is configured similar to generator 4350, as described herein, including magnet rotors 4352 and pole rotors 4354. Generator 4900 also includes housing 4902 that is configured similar to housing 4366, as described herein. Housing 4902 permits the counter-rotation of the rotary mechanism of generator 4900 within housing 4902. Counter-rotation of neighboring pairs of magnet rotors 4352 and pole rotors 4354 is effected via drive gear components 4906, 5106 and 5108 (e.g., a motor or other motion input source meshes with gear component 4906). Stationary radial windings 4370 (e.g., stationary with respect to magnet rotors 4352 and pole rotors 4354) are disposed on radial cores 4368 and substantially equi-angularly spaced about corresponding pole rotors 4354 on housing 4902. As also shown, electromagnetic radiation sources 4904 (e.g., shown as visible light sources, such as incandescent lamps, LED lamps, or fluorescent lamps in this exemplary embodiment) are also disposed on housing 4902. Although not within view, electromagnetic radiation sources 4904 are electrically connected to windings 4370 to conduct electricity generated by generator 4900 to electromagnetic radiation sources 4904 to effect the emission of light from electromagnetic radiation sources 4904 during operation. Generators, such as generator 4900 are optionally used in various applications, including as emergency vehicle lights, aircraft warning lights, lighthouse warning lights, entertainment lighting (e.g., theater, concert, nightclubs, sporting events, etc.), and the like.

FIG. 50 schematically illustrates an apparatus that includes electromagnetic radiation sources from a side view according to one exemplary embodiment of the invention. As shown, the apparatus includes rotary mechanism 5000, which is configured similar to rotary mechanism 2700, as described herein. Optionally, essentially any other rotary mechanism described herein or in the references incorporated herein is used or adapted for use in similar apparatus that include electromagnetic radiation sources. Rotary mechanism 5000 includes rotational components 5002 (configured similar to rotational components 2602, described herein). As also shown, electromagnetic radiation sources 5004 (e.g., shown as visible light sources, such as incandescent lamps, LED lamps, or fluorescent lamps in this exemplary embodiment) are also disposed on rotational components 5002. Although not within view, electromagnetic radiation sources 5004 are operably connected to power sources that effect the emission of light from electromagnetic radiation sources 5004. Essentially any power source is optionally adapted for use with this apparatus. During operation, motor 2611 (via 2609) causes neighboring pairs of rotational components 5002 to counter-rotate relative to one another such that electromagnetic radiation sources 5004 disposed on neighboring pairs of rotational components 5002 also counter-rotate relative to one another in this exemplary embodiment. Apparatus, such as the exemplary apparatus shown in FIG. 50 are optionally used in various applications, including as emergency vehicle lights, aircraft warning lights, lighthouse warning lights, entertainment lighting (e.g., theaters, concerts, nightclubs, sporting events, etc.), and the like.

FIG. 51A schematically shows generator 5150 that includes propeller component 5152 from a side view according to one exemplary embodiment of the invention. Generator 5150 is optionally configured as essentially any of the generators described herein. To further illustrate, FIG. 51B schematically shows marine vehicle 5154, which includes generator 5150 from a front view according to one exemplary embodiment of the invention. As shown, propeller component 5152 is disposed through the hull of marine vehicle 5154 and is protected by flow-through cover 5156. Generator 5150 is housed within the hull of marine vehicle 5154 in this exemplary embodiment. During operation, water flows through flow-through cover 5156 and causes propeller component 5152 to rotate, which causes generator 5150 to generate electricity for use, for example, in marine vehicle 5154.

Device components (e.g., rotary units, rotary mechanisms, drive mechanism components, gear components, shafts, rotational components, device housings, doors, support structures, etc.) are optionally formed by various fabrication techniques or combinations of such techniques including, e.g., cast molding, stamping, machining, embossing, extrusion, engraving, injection molding, etching (e.g., electrochemical etching, etc.), or other techniques. These and other suitable fabrication techniques are generally known in the art and described in, e.g., Molinari et al. (Eds.), Metal Cutting and High Speed Machining, Kluwer Academic Publishers (2002), Altintas, Manufacturing Automation: Metal Cutting Mechanics, Machine Tool Vibrations, and CNC Design, Cambridge University Press (2000), Stephenson et al., Metal Cutting Theory and Practice, Marcel Dekker (1997), Fundamentals of Injection Molding, W. J. T. Associates (2000), Whelan, Injection Molding of Thermoplastics Materials, Vol. 2, Chapman & Hall (1991), Rosato, Injection Molding Handbook, 3.sup.rd Ed., Kluwer Academic Publishers (2000), Fisher, Extrusion of Plastics, Halsted Press (1976), and Chung, Extrusion of Polymers: Theory and Practice, Hanser-Gardner Publications (2000), which are each incorporated by reference. Exemplary materials optionally used to fabricate device components include, e.g., metal (e.g., magnetic and/or non-magnetic), glass, wood, polymethylmethacrylate, polyethylene, polydimethylsiloxane, polyetheretherketone, polytetrafluoroethylene, polystyrene, polyvinylchloride, polypropylene, polysulfone, polymethylpentene, and polycarbonate, among many others. In certain embodiments, following fabrication, device components are optionally further processed, e.g., by painting, coating surfaces with a hydrophilic coating, a hydrophobic coating, or the like.

Exemplary rotary units, rotational mechanisms, related applications, and other aspects, which are optionally adapted, e.g., for use with the rotary units and rotational mechanisms described herein are also described in, e.g., U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/577,326, entitled “ROTARY UNITS, MECHANISMS, AND RELATED DEVICES”, filed on Oct. 12, 2009 (now U.S. Pat. No. 8,152,679, issued Apr. 10, 2012), U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/104,748, entitled “ROTARY UNITS, MECHANISMS, AND RELATED DEVICES”, filed on Oct. 12, 2008, International Application No. PCT/US2009/060386, entitled “ROTARY UNITS, MECHANISMS, AND RELATED DEVICES”, filed on Oct. 12, 2009, U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/365,290, entitled “ROTARY UNITS, MECHANISMS, AND RELATED DEVICES”, filed on Jul. 16, 2010, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/184,332, entitled “ROTARY UNITS, MECHANISMS, AND RELATED DEVICES”, filed on Jul. 15, 2011, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/218,145, entitled “ROTARY UNITS, MECHANISMS, AND RELATED DEVICES”, filed on Aug. 25, 2011, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/219,683, entitled “ROTARY UNITS, MECHANISMS, AND RELATED DEVICES”, filed on Aug. 28, 2011, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/221,890, entitled “ROTARY UNITS, MECHANISMS, AND RELATED DEVICES”, filed on Aug. 30, 2011, and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/423,413, entitled “ROTARY UNITS, MECHANISMS, AND RELATED DEVICES”, filed on Mar. 19, 2012, which are each incorporated herein by reference in their entirety for all purposes.

While the foregoing invention has been described in some detail for purposes of clarity and understanding, it will be clear to one skilled in the art from a reading of this disclosure that various changes in form and detail can be made without departing from the true scope of the invention. For example, all the techniques and apparatus described above can be used in various combinations. All publications, patents, patent applications, and/or other documents cited in this application are incorporated by reference in their entirety for all purposes to the same extent as if each individual publication, patent, patent application, and/or other document were individually indicated to be incorporated by reference for all purposes. 

What is claimed is:
 1. An apparatus, comprising at least one rotary mechanism that comprises at least first and second rotational components and at least a first counter-rotational mechanism that operably engages at least the first and second rotational components, wherein the first and second rotational components are configured to rotate substantially non-concentrically relative to one another at least partially around a rotational axis and wherein at least one surface of the first and/or second rotational component comprises at least a first implement, which first implement comprises at least a first winding, at least a first pole, a first electromagnetic radiation source, and/or at least a first magnet; and, at least one drive mechanism component or portion thereof that operably engages one or more of the rotational components and/or the first counter-rotational mechanism such that when the first rotational component rotates in a first direction, the second rotational component rotates in a second direction, and the first implement rotates proximal to at least a second implement, which second implement comprises at least a second winding, at least a second pole, a second electromagnetic radiation source, and/or at least a second magnet, wherein at least one other rotational component and/or at least one stator component comprises the second implement.
 2. The apparatus of claim 1, comprising more than two rotational components.
 3. A motor and/or generator comprising the apparatus of claim
 1. 4. A device or vehicle comprising the apparatus of claim
 1. 5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the apparatus is configured to receive an electrical power input and to generate a mechanical output.
 6. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the apparatus is configured to receive a mechanical input and generate an electrical power output.
 7. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein at least one of the rotational components comprises at least one pole rotor, at least one magnet rotor, and/or at least one winding rotor.
 8. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein at least one of the rotational components comprises two or more substantially equi-angularly positioned windings.
 9. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein at least one of the rotational components comprises two or more magnets comprising alternating north/south and south/north orientations and separated by non-magnetic material spacer components.
 10. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein at least one of the rotational components comprises one or more pole assemblies comprising one or more sets of bar poles.
 11. The apparatus of claim 10, comprising two or more pole assemblies, wherein at least one non-magnetic material separates the pole assemblies from one another.
 12. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the non-magnetic material is disposed in at least one arbor.
 13. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the stator component comprises at least one housing.
 14. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the rotary mechanism comprises at least two rotary units that each comprises: at least one rotational component that comprises at least one sun gear component and at least one ring gear component, and at least one gear structure that comprises at least one support component and at least one planetary gear component rotatably coupled to the support component, and wherein the planetary gear component is configured to operably engage the ring gear component, wherein the sun gear component of at least a first rotary unit operably engages the planetary gear component of at least a second rotary unit such that when the rotational component of the first rotary unit rotates in the first direction, the rotational component of the second rotary unit rotates in the second direction.
 15. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the rotary mechanism comprises: at least a first rotary unit that comprises at least one rotational component that comprises at least first and second sun gear components; at least a second rotary unit that comprises at least one rotational component that comprises at least first and second ring gear components; and, at least a first planetary gear component that is configured to operably engage the second sun gear component of the first rotary unit and the first ring gear component of the second rotary unit such that when the rotational component of the first rotary unit rotates in the first direction, the rotational component of the second rotary unit rotates in the second direction.
 16. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the rotary mechanism comprises at least two rotary units that each comprises: at least one rotational component that comprises at least one ring gear component; and, at least one second gear component configured to operably engage the ring gear component.
 17. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the rotary mechanism comprises: at least two rotational components that each comprises at least one ring gear component; and, at least one counter-rotational mechanism that comprises at least a first gear component that operably engages the ring gear component of at least a first rotational component, at least a second gear component that operably engages the ring gear component of at least a second rotational component, and at least a third gear component that operably engages at least the second gear component such that when the first gear component rotates in the first direction, the first rotational component rotates in the first direction and the second gear component and the second rotational component rotate in the second direction.
 18. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the rotary mechanism comprises: at least a first rotary unit that comprises at least one rotational component that comprises at least two ring gear components; at least a second rotary unit that comprises at least one rotational component that comprises at least two ring gear components; and, at least a first planetary gear component that is configured to operably engage at least one of the ring gear components of the first rotary unit and at least one of the ring gear components of the second rotary unit such that when the rotational component of the first rotary unit rotates in the first direction, the rotational component of the second rotary unit rotates in the second direction.
 19. An apparatus, comprising: at least first, second, and third rotational components, wherein at least one of the rotational components comprises at least a first implement, which first implement comprises at least a first winding, at least a first pole, a first electromagnetic radiation source, and/or at least a first magnet; at least first and second counter-rotational mechanisms, wherein the first counter rotational mechanism operably engages at least the first and second rotational components, and wherein the second counter-rotational mechanism operably engages at least the second and third rotational components; and, at least one drive mechanism component or a portion thereof operably engaged with one or more of the rotational components and/or with one or more of the counter-rotational mechanisms, which drive mechanism component or portion thereof is configured at least to effect rotation of the rotational components and the counter-rotational mechanisms such that the first and third rotational components rotate in a first direction, the second rotational component rotates in a second direction, and the first implement rotates proximal to at least a second implement, which second implement comprises at least a second winding, at least a second pole, a second electromagnetic radiation source, and/or at least a second magnet, wherein at least one other rotational component and/or at least one stator component comprises the second implement.
 20. A method of inducing current, the method comprising: providing an apparatus comprising: at least one rotary mechanism that comprises at least first and second rotational components and at least a first counter-rotational mechanism that operably engages at least the first and second rotational components, wherein the first and second rotational components are configured to rotate substantially non-concentrically relative to one another at least partially around a rotational axis and wherein at least one surface of the first and/or second rotational component comprises at least a first implement, which first implement comprises at least a first winding, at least a first pole, and/or at least a first magnet; and at least one drive mechanism component or portion thereof that operably engages one or more of the rotational components and/or the first counter-rotational mechanism; and, rotating the first rotational component in a first direction such that the second rotational component rotates in a second direction, and the first implement rotates proximal to at least a second implement, which second implement comprises at least a second winding, at least a second pole, and/or at least a second magnet, wherein at least one other rotational component and/or at least one stator component comprises the second implement, thereby inducing current. 